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Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) for black-box models accessible only via APIs remains a largely unexplored challenge. Existing approaches such as post-hoc output refinement offer limited adaptive capacity, while Zeroth-Order Optimization (ZOO)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunbei Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Chengyi Cai , Feng Liu , Jihun Hamm

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP exhibit strong zero-shot capabilities but often fail to generalize under distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows models to update at inference time without labeled data, typically via…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Marc Lafon , Gustavo Adolfo Vargas Hakim , Clément Rambour , Christian Desrosier , Nicolas Thome

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have become prominent models for solving various vision tasks. However, the interpretability of ViTs has not kept pace with their promising performance. While there has been a surge of interest in developing {\it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Yao Qiang , Chengyin Li , Prashant Khanduri , Dongxiao Zhu

Test-time adaptive (TTA) semantic segmentation adapts a source pre-trained image semantic segmentation model to unlabeled batches of target domain test images, different from real-world, where samples arrive one-by-one in an online fashion.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Debasmit Das , Shubhankar Borse , Hyojin Park , Kambiz Azarian , Hong Cai , Risheek Garrepalli , Fatih Porikli

In this paper, we seek to develop a versatile test-time adaptation (TTA) objective for a variety of tasks - classification and regression across image-, object-, and pixel-level predictions. We achieve this through a self-bootstrapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Shuaicheng Niu , Guohao Chen , Peilin Zhao , Tianyi Wang , Pengcheng Wu , Zhiqi Shen

The recent success of Vision Transformers has generated significant interest in attention mechanisms and transformer architectures. Although existing methods have proposed spiking self-attention mechanisms compatible with spiking neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sanaz Mahmoodi Takaghaj

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have successfully been applied to image classification problems where large annotated datasets are available. On the other hand, when fewer annotations are available, such as in biomedical applications, image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Felipe A. Quezada , Carlos F. Navarro , Cristian Muñoz , Manuel Zamorano , Jorge Jara-Wilde , Violeta Chang , Cristóbal A. Navarro , Mauricio Cerda

This paper does not describe a novel method. Instead, it studies a straightforward, incremental, yet must-know baseline given the recent progress in computer vision: self-supervised learning for Vision Transformers (ViT). While the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Xinlei Chen , Saining Xie , Kaiming He

Vision transformers (ViT) have demonstrated impressive performance across various machine vision problems. These models are based on multi-head self-attention mechanisms that can flexibly attend to a sequence of image patches to encode…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Muzammal Naseer , Kanchana Ranasinghe , Salman Khan , Munawar Hayat , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Learning new classes without forgetting is crucial for real-world applications for a classification model. Vision Transformers (ViT) recently achieve remarkable performance in Class Incremental Learning (CIL). Previous works mainly focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Bowen Zheng , Da-Wei Zhou , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

Our work tackles the computational challenges of contrastive learning methods, particularly for the pretraining of Vision Transformers (ViTs). Despite the effectiveness of contrastive learning, the substantial computational resources…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Jinhong Lin , Cheng-En Wu , Yibing Wei , Pedro Morgado

Vision transformers (ViTs) are emerging with significantly improved accuracy in computer vision tasks. However, their complex architecture and enormous computation/storage demand impose urgent needs for new hardware accelerator design…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Zhengang Li , Mengshu Sun , Alec Lu , Haoyu Ma , Geng Yuan , Yanyue Xie , Hao Tang , Yanyu Li , Miriam Leeser , Zhangyang Wang , Xue Lin , Zhenman Fang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

The task of Few-shot Learning (FSL) aims to do the inference on novel categories containing only few labeled examples, with the help of knowledge learned from base categories containing abundant labeled training samples. While there are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Chengming Xu , Siqian Yang , Yabiao Wang , Zhanxiong Wang , Yanwei Fu , Xiangyang Xue

Vision Transformers (ViT) have advanced computer vision, yet their efficacy in complex tasks like driving remains less explored. This study enhances ViT by integrating human eye gaze, captured via eye-tracking, to increase prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Sharath Koorathota , Nikolas Papadopoulos , Jia Li Ma , Shruti Kumar , Xiaoxiao Sun , Arunesh Mittal , Patrick Adelman , Paul Sajda

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have emerged as a foundational model in computer vision, excelling in generalization and adaptation to downstream tasks. However, deploying ViTs to support diverse resource constraints typically requires…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Chen Zhu , Wangbo Zhao , Huiwen Zhang , Samir Khaki , Yuhao Zhou , Weidong Tang , Shuo Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Yuzhang Shang , Xiaojiang Peng , Kai Wang , Dawei Yang

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) such as fall detection has become increasingly critical due to the aging population, necessitating effective monitoring systems to prevent serious injuries and fatalities associated with falls. This study…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yijun Wang , Yong Wang , Chendong xu , Shuai Yao , Qisong Wu

The Vision Transformer architecture has shown to be competitive in the computer vision (CV) space where it has dethroned convolution-based networks in several benchmarks. Nevertheless, convolutional neural networks (CNN) remain the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Manuel Goulão , Arlindo L. Oliveira

The transformer models have shown promising effectiveness in dealing with various vision tasks. However, compared with training Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, training Vision Transformer (ViT) models is more difficult and relies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jiawang Bai , Li Yuan , Shu-Tao Xia , Shuicheng Yan , Zhifeng Li , Wei Liu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang