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Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a long-standing goal for speech processing, since it utilizes large-scale unlabeled data and avoids extensive human labeling. Recent years witness great successes in applying self-supervised learning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sanyuan Chen , Yu Wu , Chengyi Wang , Zhengyang Chen , Zhuo Chen , Shujie Liu , Jian Wu , Yao Qian , Furu Wei , Jinyu Li , Xiangzhan Yu

Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) from unlabelled speech data has gained increased attention in the automatic speech recognition (ASR) community. Typical SSL methods include autoregressive predictive coding (APC), Wav2vec2.0, and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Ruchao Fan , Yunzheng Zhu , Jinhan Wang , Abeer Alwan

In this paper, we improve speech translation (ST) through effectively leveraging large quantities of unlabeled speech and text data in different and complementary ways. We explore both pretraining and self-training by using the large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Changhan Wang , Anne Wu , Juan Pino , Alexei Baevski , Michael Auli , Alexis Conneau

The amount of labeled data to train models for speech tasks is limited for most languages, however, the data scarcity is exacerbated for speech translation which requires labeled data covering two different languages. To address this issue,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Changhan Wang , Hirofumi Inaguma , Peng-Jen Chen , Ilia Kulikov , Yun Tang , Wei-Ning Hsu , Michael Auli , Juan Pino

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has made significant advances in speech representation learning. Models like wav2vec 2.0 and HuBERT have achieved state-of-the-art results in tasks such as speech recognition, particularly in monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 María Andrea Cruz Blandón , Zakaria Aldeneh , Jie Chi , Maureen de Seyssel

Recent studies have shown that the benefits provided by self-supervised pre-training and self-training (pseudo-labeling) are complementary. Semi-supervised fine-tuning strategies under the pre-training framework, however, remain…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Bowen Zhang , Songjun Cao , Xiaoming Zhang , Yike Zhang , Long Ma , Takahiro Shinozaki

Self-supervised learning of speech representations has achieved impressive results in improving automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we show that data selection is important for self-supervised learning. We propose a simple…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-06 Zhiyun Lu , Yongqiang Wang , Yu Zhang , Wei Han , Zhehuai Chen , Parisa Haghani

While many speakers of low-resource languages regularly code-switch between their languages and other regional languages or English, datasets of codeswitched speech are too small to train bespoke acoustic models from scratch or do language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Tolúlopé Ògúnrèmí , Christopher D. Manning , Dan Jurafsky

Voice assistants are now widely available, and to activate them a keyword spotting (KWS) algorithm is used. Modern KWS systems are mainly trained using supervised learning methods and require a large amount of labelled data to achieve a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Jacob Mørk , Holger Severin Bovbjerg , Gergely Kiss , Zheng-Hua Tan

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has gained traction for its ability to learn rich representations with low labeling costs, applicable across diverse downstream tasks. However, assessing the downstream-task performance remains challenging due…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Maekaku , Keita Goto , Jinchuan Tian , Yusuke Shinohara , Shinji Watanabe

There are several domains that own corresponding widely used feature extractors, such as ResNet, BERT, and GPT-x. These models are usually pre-trained on large amounts of unlabeled data by self-supervision and can be effectively applied to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Cheng Yi , Jianzhong Wang , Ning Cheng , Shiyu Zhou , Bo Xu

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is an active area of research which aims to utilize unlabelled data in order to improve the accuracy of speech recognition systems. The current study proposes a methodology for integration of two key ideas: 1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Prakhar Swarup , Debmalya Chakrabarty , Ashtosh Sapru , Hitesh Tulsiani , Harish Arsikere , Sri Garimella

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in speech-related tasks. While Transformer and Conformer architectures have dominated SSL backbones, encoders like Zipformer, which excel in automatic speech recognition (ASR),…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Yifan Yang , Jianheng Zhuo , Zengrui Jin , Ziyang Ma , Xiaoyu Yang , Zengwei Yao , Liyong Guo , Wei Kang , Fangjun Kuang , Long Lin , Daniel Povey , Xie Chen

Current self-supervised learning algorithms are often modality-specific and require large amounts of computational resources. To address these issues, we increase the training efficiency of data2vec, a learning objective that generalizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Alexei Baevski , Arun Babu , Wei-Ning Hsu , Michael Auli

Although state-of-the-art Speech Foundational Models can produce high-quality text pseudo-labels, applying Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) for in-the-wild real-world data remains challenging due to its richer and more complex acoustics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Wen Ding , Fan Qian

In this paper, we apply Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) along with Data Augmentation (DA) for improving the accuracy of End-to-End ASR. We focus on the consistency regularization principle, which has been successfully applied to image…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Felix Weninger , Franco Mana , Roberto Gemello , Jesús Andrés-Ferrer , Puming Zhan

Self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches such as wav2vec 2.0 and HuBERT models have shown promising results in various downstream tasks in the speech community. In particular, speech representations learned by SSL models have been shown to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Eesung Kim , Jae-Jin Jeon , Hyeji Seo , Hoon Kim

In Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), pre-training and evaluation are resource intensive. In the speech domain, current indicators of the quality of SSL models during pre-training, such as the loss, do not correlate well with downstream…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Ryan Whetten , Lucas Maison , Titouan Parcollet , Marco Dinarelli , Yannick Estève

Self-supervised learned (SSL) models such as Wav2vec and HuBERT yield state-of-the-art results on speech-related tasks. Given the effectiveness of such models, it is advantageous to use them in conventional ASR systems. While some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Darshan Prabhu , Sai Ganesh Mirishkar , Pankaj Wasnik

Using large training datasets enhances the generalization capabilities of neural networks. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is useful when there are few labeled data and a lot of unlabeled data. SSL methods that use data augmentation are most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Himmet Toprak Kesgin , Mehmet Fatih Amasyali