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Data augmentation is an inexpensive way to increase training data diversity and is commonly achieved via transformations of existing data. For tasks such as classification, there is a good case for learning representations of the data that…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Turab Iqbal , Karim Helwani , Arvindh Krishnaswamy , Wenwu Wang

Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP show strong zero-shot performance but struggle with generalization under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting VLMs to unlabeled test data in new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali cheraghian

In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yu Sun , Xiaolong Wang , Zhuang Liu , John Miller , Alexei A. Efros , Moritz Hardt

Although data augmentation is a powerful technique for improving the performance of image classification tasks, it is difficult to identify the best augmentation policy. The optimal augmentation policy, which is the latent variable, cannot…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Koichi Kuriyama

One paradigm of language model (LM) fine-tuning relies on creating large training datasets, under the assumption that high quantity and diversity will enable models to generalize to novel tasks after post-training. In practice, gathering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Emre Can Acikgoz , Cheng Qian , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur

Test-time training (TTT) adapts model parameters on unlabeled test instances during inference time, which continuously extends capabilities beyond the reach of offline training. Despite initial gains, existing TTT methods for LRMs plateau…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Qingyang Zhang , Xinke Kong , Haitao Wu , Qinghua Hu , Minghao Wu , Baosong Yang , Yu Cheng , Yun Luo , Ganqu Cui , Changqing Zhang

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt pre-trained deep neural networks using solely online unlabelled test data during inference. Although TTA has shown promise in visual applications, its potential in time series contexts remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Peiliang Gong , Mohamed Ragab , Min Wu , Zhenghua Chen , Yongyi Su , Xiaoli Li , Daoqiang Zhang

Recent surveys on data augmentation for natural language processing have reported different techniques and advancements in the field. Several frameworks, tools, and repositories promote the implementation of text data augmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Marcellus Amadeus , William Alberto Cruz Castañeda

Many recent machine learning tasks focus to develop models that can generalize to unseen distributions. Domain generalization (DG) has become one of the key topics in various fields. Several literatures show that DG can be arbitrarily hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Yi-Fan Zhang , Xue Wang , Kexin Jin , Kun Yuan , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

Deep learning-based text classification models need abundant labeled data to obtain competitive performance. Unfortunately, annotating large-size corpus is time-consuming and laborious. To tackle this, multiple researches try to use data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Xiaotian Lin , Nankai Lin , Yingwen Fu , Ziyu Yang , Shengyi Jiang

A deployed question answering (QA) model can easily fail when the test data has a distribution shift compared to the training data. Robustness tuning (RT) methods have been widely studied to enhance model robustness against distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Hai Ye , Yuyang Ding , Juntao Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Person re-identification (re-id), which aims to retrieve images of the same person in a given image from a database, is one of the most practical image recognition applications. In the real world, however, the environments that the images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kazuki Adachi , Shohei Enomoto , Taku Sasaki , Shin'ya Yamaguchi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a compelling remedy for machine learning (ML) models that degrade under domain shifts, improving generalisation on-the-fly with only unlabelled samples. This flexibility suits real deployments, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Sudarshan Sreeram , Young D. Kwon , Cecilia Mascolo

Language model based pre-trained models such as BERT have provided significant gains across different NLP tasks. In this paper, we study different types of transformer based pre-trained models such as auto-regressive models (GPT-2),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Varun Kumar , Ashutosh Choudhary , Eunah Cho

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee

NLP has achieved great progress in the past decade through the use of neural models and large labeled datasets. The dependence on abundant data prevents NLP models from being applied to low-resource settings or novel tasks where significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Jiaao Chen , Derek Tam , Colin Raffel , Mohit Bansal , Diyi Yang

This paper presents a novel data augmentation technique for text-to-speech (TTS), that allows to generate new (text, audio) training examples without requiring any additional data. Our goal is to increase diversity of text conditionings…

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) models often experience performance degradation due to data domain shifts introduced at test time, a challenge that is further amplified for child speakers. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zhonghao Shi , Xuan Shi , Anfeng Xu , Tiantian Feng , Harshvardhan Srivastava , Shrikanth Narayanan , Maja J. Matarić

Recent advances in data augmentation enable one to translate images by learning the mapping between a source domain and a target domain. Existing methods tend to learn the distributions by training a model on a variety of datasets, with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Boyi Li , Yin Cui , Tsung-Yi Lin , Serge Belongie
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