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Given the rarity of significant solar flares compared to smaller ones, training effective machine learning models for solar activity forecasting is challenging due to insufficient data. This study proposes using generative deep learning…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-04 Francesco P. Ramunno , S. Hackstein , V. Kinakh , M. Drozdova , G. Quetant , A. Csillaghy , S. Voloshynovskiy

A demonstrated failure mode for operational solar flare forecasting is the inability to forecast flares that occur near, or just beyond, the solar limb. To address this shortcoming, we develop a "4pi" full-heliosphere event forecasting…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-09 K. D. Leka , Eric L. Wagner , Lisa Upton , Bibhuti Kumar Jha , Kiran Jain , Sara Petty

Accurate and reliable solar flare predictions are essential to mitigate potential impacts on critical infrastructure. However, the current performance of solar flare forecasting is insufficient. In this study, we address the task of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yusuke Takagi , Shunya Nagashima , Komei Sugiura

Whilst the most dynamic solar active regions (ARs) are known to flare frequently, predicting the occurrence of individual flares and their magnitude, is very much a developing field with strong potentials for machine learning applications.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-16 M. B. Korsos , R. Erdelyi , J. Liu , H. Morgan

In recent years, the convergence of data-driven machine learning models with Data Assimilation (DA) offers a promising avenue for enhancing weather forecasting. This study delves into this emerging trend, presenting our methodologies and…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Wenqi Wang , Jacob Bieker , Rossella Arcucci , César Quilodrán-Casas

We present a comparative study of transformer-based architectures for solar flare forecasting using heterogeneous data modalities, including images, video sequences, and time-series observations. Our analysis evaluates three recent…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-05 S. Riggi , P. Romano , A. Pilzer , U. Becciani

``Online" data assimilation (DA) is used to generate a new seasonal-resolution reanalysis dataset over the last millennium by combining forecasts from an ocean--atmosphere--sea-ice coupled linear inverse model with climate proxy records.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-27 Zilu Meng , Gregory J. Hakim , Eric J. Steig

Solar flares are caused by magnetic eruptions in active regions (ARs) on the surface of the sun. These events can have significant impacts on human activity, many of which can be mitigated with enough advance warning from good forecasts. To…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-18 Varad Deshmukh , Thomas Berger , James Meiss , Elizabeth Bradley

Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of machine-learning methods for predicting solar flares. Initial efforts along these lines employed comparatively simple models, correlating features extracted from observations of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-21 Varad Deshmukh , Srinivas Baskar , Elizabeth Bradley , Thomas Berger , James D. Meiss

Solar flares are the most explosive phenomena in the solar system and the main trigger of the events' chain that starts from Coronal Mass Ejections and leads to geomagnetic storms with possible impacts on the infrastructures at Earth.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-03 Chiara Curletto , Paolo Massa , Valeria Tagliafico , Cristina Campi , Federico Benvenuto , Michele Piana , Andrea Tacchino

Solar flares, especially the M- and X-class flares, are often associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). They are the most important sources of space weather effects, that can severely impact the near-Earth environment. Thus it is…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-02 Hewei Zhang , Qin Li , Yanxing Yang , Ju Jing , Jason T. L. Wang , Haimin Wang , Zuofeng Shang

Data assimilation is a technique for increasing the accuracy of simulations of solutions to partial differential equations by incorporating observable data into the solution as time evolves. Recently, a promising new algorithm for data…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2018-12-06 Adam Larios , Collin Victor

Operational flare forecasting aims at providing predictions that can be used to make decisions, typically at a daily scale, about the space weather impacts of flare occurrence. This study shows that video-based deep learning can be used for…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-13 Sabrina Guastavino , Francesco Marchetti , Federico Benvenuto , Cristina Campi , Michele Piana

The space weather community has begun to use frontier methods such as data assimilation, machine learning, and ensemble modeling to advance current operational forecasting efforts. This was highlighted by a multi-disciplinary session at the…

Space Physics · Physics 2018-11-22 Sophie A. Murray

We present the results from the first ensemble prediction model for major solar flares (M and X classes). The primary aim of this investigation is to explore the construction of an ensemble for an initial prototyping of this new concept.…

Space Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 J. A. Guerra , A. Pulkkinen , V. M. Uritsky

Weather forecasting is a crucial yet highly challenging task. With the maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the emergence of data-driven weather forecasting models has opened up a new paradigm for the development of weather forecasting…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Yi Xiao , Lei Bai , Wei Xue , Kang Chen , Tao Han , Wanli Ouyang

Solar flares are defined as outbursts on the surface of the Sun. They occur when energy accumulated in magnetic fields enclosing solar active regions (ARs) is abruptly expelled. Solar flares and associated coronal mass ejections are sources…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-24 Huseyin Cavus , Jason T. L. Wang , Teja P. S. Singampalli , Gani Caglar Coban , Hongyang Zhang , Abd-ur Raheem , Haimin Wang

Data assimilation is a central problem in many geophysical applications, such as weather forecasting. It aims to estimate the state of a potentially large system, such as the atmosphere, from sparse observations, supplemented by prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Matthieu Blanke , Ronan Fablet , Marc Lelarge

High energy solar flares and coronal mass ejections have the potential to destroy Earth's ground and satellite infrastructures, causing trillions of dollars in damage and mass human suffering. Destruction of these critical systems would…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Erik Larsen

We show how the 3DVAR data assimilation methodology can be used in the astrophysical context of a two-dimensional convection flow. We study the way this variational approach finds best estimates of the current state of the flow from a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2013-08-09 Andreas Svedin , Milena C. Cuellar , Axel Brandenburg