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In this lecture I give an introduction to the rotational energy extraction of black holes by the electromagnetic Blandford-Znajek process and the generation of relativistic jets. After some basic material on the electrodynamics of black…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-06-23 Norbert Straumann

The Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism is widely recognised as the most compelling process to extract rotational energy from an accreting black hole and power the emission of relativistic jets. We explore the universality of this process for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-02 Filippo Camilloni , Luciano Rezzolla

The Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process powers energetic jets by extracting the rotating energy of a Kerr black hole. It is important to understand this process in non-Kerr black hole spacetimes. In this study, we conduct two-dimensional and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-05-09 Hong-Xuan Jiang , Indu K. Dihingia , Cheng Liu , Yosuke Mizuno , Tao Zhu

We consider the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism for extracting black hole spin energy to drive astrophysical jets. Analyses of the BZ mechanism generally take no account of any electric charge on the black hole. But, as noted by Wald and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-09-29 A. R. King , J. E. Pringle

A rotating black hole probably powers ultrarelativistic jets in gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jets from some active galactic nuclei, and jets from some black hole x-ray binaries. Prior estimates of the power output of a black hole have…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jonathan C. McKinney

We perform the first numerical simulations modeling the inflow and outflow of magnetized plasma in the Kerr-Sen spacetime, which describes classical spinning black holes (BHs) in string theory. We find that the Blandford-Znajek (BZ)…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-01 Koushik Chatterjee , Prashant Kocherlakota , Ziri Younsi , Ramesh Narayan

According to the Blandford-Znajek mechanism, black hole jets are powered by the rotational energy of the compact object. In this work, we consider the possibility that the metric around black holes may not be described by the Kerr solution…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-10-04 Guancheng Pei , Sourabh Nampalliwar , Cosimo Bambi , Matthew J. Middleton

The extraction of rotational energy from a spinning black hole via the Blandford-Znajek mechanism has long been understood as an important component in models to explain energetic jets from compact astrophysical sources. Here we show more…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-20 David Neilsen , Luis Lehner , Carlos Palenzuela , Eric W. Hirschmann , Steven L. Liebling , Patrick M. Motl , T. Garrett

Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism describes a process extracting rotation energy from a spinning black hole (BH) via magnetic field lines penetrating the event horizon of central BH. In this paper, we present a perturbation approach to study…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-10-14 Zhen Pan , Cong Yu

The launching of astrophysical jets provides the most compelling observational evidence for direct extraction of black hole (BH) spin energy via the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanism. Whilst it is known that spinning Kerr BHs within general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-08 Koushik Chatterjee , Ziri Younsi , Prashant Kocherlakota , Ramesh Narayan

The Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process is steady electromagnetic energy release from rotating black holes (BHs) along magnetic field lines threading them and widely believed to drive relativistic jets. This process is successfully demonstrated…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-18 Kenji Toma , Fumio Takahara , Masanori Nakamura

Recently it has been observed that the scaling of jet power with black hole spin in galactic X-ray binaries is consistent with the predictions of the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) jet model. These observations motivate us to revisit the BZ model…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-16 Robert F. Penna , Ramesh Narayan , Aleksander Sadowski

Recent general relativistic MHD simulations have suggested that relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been powered by rotational energy of central black holes. Some mechanisms of extraction of black hole rotational…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-22 Shinji Koide , Tamon Baba

Relativistic jets from black holes can extract energy not only from accretion but also directly from the black hole's spin, as described by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. A longstanding question is whether magnetic flux can accumulate near…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-27 Antonios Nathanail

Three energy mechanisms invoking large-scale magnetic fields are incorporated in a model to interpret jet production in black hole (BH) systems, i.e., the Blandford-Znajek (BZ), the magnetic coupling (MC) and Blandford-Payne (BP) processes.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Ding-Xiong Wang , Yong-Chun Ye , Yang Li , Zhao-Jiang Ge

In this paper, we provide exact solutions for the extraction of energy from a rotating black hole via both the electromagnetic Poynting flux and matter currents. By appropriate choice of a radially independent poloidal function…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-28 Govind Menon , Charles D. Dermer

The possibility of extracting energy from a rotating black hole via the Blandford-Znajek mechanism represents a cornerstone of relativistic astrophysics. We present general-relativistic collisionless kinetic simulations of Kerr black-hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-19 Claudio Meringolo , Filippo Camilloni , Luciano Rezzolla

The power of jets from black holes are expected to depend on both the spin of the black hole and the structure of the accretion disk in the region of the last stable orbit. We investigate these dependencies using two different physical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Rodrigo S. Nemmen , Richard G. Bower , Arif Babul , Thaisa Storchi-Bergmann

The presence of a strong, large-scale magnetic field in an accretion flow leads to extraction of the rotational energy of the black hole (BH) through the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process, believed to power relativistic jets in various…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-28 Prasun Dhang , Jason Dexter , Mitchell C. Begelman

The Blandford-Znajek mechanism has long been regarded as a key ingredient in models attempting to explain powerful jets in AGNs, quasars, blazzars etc. In such mechanism, energy is extracted from a rotating black hole and dissipated at a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-27 Carlos Palenzuela , Carles Bona , Luis Lehner , Oscar Reula
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