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This paper investigates the stability and convergence properties of asynchronous stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms, with a focus on extensions relevant to average-reward reinforcement learning. We first extend a stability proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Huizhen Yu , Yi Wan , Richard S. Sutton

We begin by briefly surveying some results on the convergence of the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) Method, proved in a companion paper by the present authors. These results are based on viewing SGD as a version of Stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-10 Rajeeva L. Karandikar , M. Vidyasagar

In two-time-scale stochastic approximation (SA), two iterates are updated at different rates, governed by distinct step sizes, with each update influencing the other. Previous studies have demonstrated that the convergence rates of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuze Han , Xiang Li , Jiadong Liang , Zhihua Zhang

This paper provides a non-asymptotic analysis of linear stochastic approximation (LSA) algorithms with fixed stepsize. This family of methods arises in many machine learning tasks and is used to obtain approximate solutions of a linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-03 Alain Durmus , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Sergey Samsonov , Kevin Scaman , Hoi-To Wai

This paper considers the smooth bilevel optimization in which the lower-level problem is strongly convex and the upper-level problem is possibly nonconvex. We focus on the stochastic setting where the algorithm can access the unbiased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhuanghua Liu , Luo Luo

Stochastic approximation (SA) is a powerful class of iterative algorithms for nonlinear root-finding that can be used for minimizing a loss function, $L(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, with respect to a parameter vector $\boldsymbol{\theta}$, when…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-07-24 Karla Hernández Cuevas

This paper analyzes the convergence for a large class of Riemannian stochastic approximation (SA) schemes, which aim at tackling stochastic optimization problems. In particular, the recursions we study use either the exponential map of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-20 Alain Durmus , Pablo Jiménez , Éric Moulines , Salem Said , Hoi-To Wai

This work develops new results for stochastic approximation algorithms. The emphases are on treating algorithms and limits with discontinuities. The main ingredients include the use of differential inclusions, set-valued analysis, and…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-08-31 Nhu Nguyen , George Yin

Temporal-Difference (TD) learning with nonlinear smooth function approximation for policy evaluation has achieved great success in modern reinforcement learning. It is shown that such a problem can be reformulated as a stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Shuang Qiu , Zhuoran Yang , Xiaohan Wei , Jieping Ye , Zhaoran Wang

We study constrained nested stochastic optimization problems in which the objective function is a composition of two smooth functions whose exact values and derivatives are not available. We propose a single time-scale stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-09 Saeed Ghadimi , Andrzej Ruszczyński , Mengdi Wang

We develop and analyze stochastic approximation algorithms for solving nested compositional bi-level optimization problems. These problems involve a nested composition of $T$ potentially non-convex smooth functions in the upper-level, and a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-12 Xuxing Chen , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Saeed Ghadimi

This paper proposes to develop a new variant of the two-time-scale stochastic approximation to find the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators, assuming only noisy samples of these operators can be observed. Our key idea is to leverage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-25 Thinh T. Doan

We study time-uniform statistical inference for parameters in stochastic approximation (SA), which encompasses a bunch of applications in optimization and machine learning. To that end, we analyze the almost-sure convergence rates of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-22 Chuhan Xie , Kaicheng Jin , Jiadong Liang , Zhihua Zhang

We study the so-called two-time-scale stochastic approximation, a simulation-based approach for finding the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators. Our focus is to characterize its finite-time performance in a Markov setting, which often…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-06 Thinh T. Doan

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation algorithms are iterative methods used in applications such as optimization, reinforcement learning, and control. Finite-time analysis of these algorithms has primarily focused on fixed point…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Siddharth Chandak

The classical Method of Successive Approximations (MSA) is an iterative method for solving stochastic control problems and is derived from Pontryagin's optimality principle. It is known that the MSA may fail to converge. Using careful…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-18 Bekzhan Kerimkulov , David Šiška , Łukasz Szpruch

This paper studies linear stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms and their application to multi-agent systems in engineering and sociology. As main contribution, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of linear SA…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-07 Ge Chen , Xiaoming Duan , Wenjun Mei , Francesco Bullo

Stochastic contraction analysis is a recently developed tool for studying the global stability properties of nonlinear stochastic systems, based on a differential analysis of convergence in an appropriate metric. To date, stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-04-02 Quang-Cuong Pham , Jean-Jacques Slotine

We consider stochastic unconstrained bilevel optimization problems when only the first-order gradient oracles are available. While numerous optimization methods have been proposed for tackling bilevel problems, existing methods either tend…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-27 Jeongyeol Kwon , Dohyun Kwon , Stephen Wright , Robert Nowak

Stochastic Approximation (SA) is a classical algorithm that has had since the early days a huge impact on signal processing, and nowadays on machine learning, due to the necessity to deal with a large amount of data observed with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Aymeric Dieuleveut , Gersende Fort , Eric Moulines , Hoi-To Wai