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This paper is preoccupied with the following question: given a (possibly opaque) learning system, how can we understand whether its behaviour adheres to governance constraints? The answer can be quite simple: we just need to "ask" the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Andrea Aler Tubella , Andreas Theodorou , Juan Carlos Nieves

Multi-entity question answering (MEQA) represents significant challenges for large language models (LLM) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, which frequently struggle to consolidate scattered information across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Teng Lin , Yuyu Luo , Honglin Zhang , Jicheng Zhang , Chunlin Liu , Kaishun Wu , Nan Tang

This paper presents the ReXCL tool, which automates the extraction and classification processes in requirements engineering, enhancing the software development life-cycle. The tool features two main modules: Extraction, which processes raw…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Paheli Bhattacharya , Manojit Chakraborty , Santhosh Kumar Arumugam , Rishabh Gupta

As one promising way to inquire about any particular information through a dialog with the bot, question answering dialog systems have gained increasing research interests recently. Designing interactive QA systems has always been a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Munazza Zaib , Dai Hoang Tran , Subhash Sagar , Adnan Mahmood , Wei E. Zhang , Quan Z. Sheng

The rise of large language models has opened new avenues for users seeking legal advice. However, users often lack professional legal knowledge, which can lead to questions that omit critical information. This deficiency makes it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Rujing Yao , Yiquan Wu , Tong Zhang , Xuhui Zhang , Yuting Huang , Yang Wu , Jiayin Yang , Changlong Sun , Fang Wang , Xiaozhong Liu

Over the last twenty years, significant progress has been made in designing and implementing Question Answering (QA) systems. However, addressing complex questions, the answers to which are spread across multiple documents, remains a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sourav Saha , Dwaipayan Roy , Mandar Mitra

Many individuals are likely to face a legal dispute at some point in their lives, but their lack of understanding of how to navigate these complex issues often renders them vulnerable. The advancement of natural language processing opens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Antoine Louis , Gijs van Dijck , Gerasimos Spanakis

Context: Recent research indicates that Web queries written by software developers are not very successful in retrieving relevant results, performing measurably worse compared to general purpose Web queries. Most approaches up to this point…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Mia Mohammad Imran , Kostadin Damevski

Question answering (QA) system aims at retrieving precise information from a large collection of documents against a query. This paper describes the architecture of a Natural Language Question Answering (NLQA) system for a specific domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Athira P. M. , Sreeja M. , P. C. Reghu Raj

Proof assistants enable users to develop machine-checked proofs regarding software-related properties. Unfortunately, the interactive nature of these proof assistants imposes most of the proof burden on the user, making formal verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Pedro Carrott , Nuno Saavedra , Kyle Thompson , Sorin Lerner , João F. Ferreira , Emily First

Visually-situated languages such as charts and plots are omnipresent in real-world documents. These graphical depictions are human-readable and are often analyzed in visually-rich documents to address a variety of questions that necessitate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Anran Wu , Luwei Xiao , Xingjiao Wu , Shuwen Yang , Junjie Xu , Zisong Zhuang , Nian Xie , Cheng Jin , Liang He

[Context:] Model-based testing is an instrument for automated generation of test cases. It requires identifying requirements in documents, understanding them syntactically and semantically, and then translating them into a test model. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Jannik Fischbach , Maximilian Junker , Andreas Vogelsang , Dietmar Freudenstein

The increasing rate of information pollution on the Web requires novel solutions to tackle that. Question Answering (QA) interfaces are simplified and user-friendly interfaces to access information on the Web. However, similar to other AI…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Saeedeh Shekarpour , Faisal Alshargi

Conversational question answering (ConvQA) over law knowledge bases (KBs) involves answering multi-turn natural language questions about law and hope to find answers in the law knowledge base. Despite many methods have been proposed.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Mi Wu

CODEC is a document and entity ranking benchmark that focuses on complex research topics. We target essay-style information needs of social science researchers, i.e. "How has the UK's Open Banking Regulation benefited Challenger Banks?".…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Iain Mackie , Paul Owoicho , Carlos Gemmell , Sophie Fischer , Sean MacAvaney , Jeffrey Dalton

Chart question answering (CQA) is a task used for assessing chart comprehension, which is fundamentally different from understanding natural images. CQA requires analyzing the relationships between the textual and the visual components of a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Matan Levy , Rami Ben-Ari , Dani Lischinski

Requirements elicitation requires extensive knowledge and deep understanding of the problem domain where the final system will be situated. However, in many software development projects, analysts are required to elicit the requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad , Vincenzo Gervasi , Didar Zowghi , Ken Barker

Policy compliance detection is the task of ensuring that a scenario conforms to a policy (e.g. a claim is valid according to government rules or a post in an online platform conforms to community guidelines). This task has been previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Marzieh Saeidi , Majid Yazdani , Andreas Vlachos

[Context and motivation] When developing software, coordination between different organizational units is essential in order to develop a good quality product, on time and within budget. Particularly, the synchronization between…

We propose CodeQA, a free-form question answering dataset for the purpose of source code comprehension: given a code snippet and a question, a textual answer is required to be generated. CodeQA contains a Java dataset with 119,778…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Chenxiao Liu , Xiaojun Wan