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Recently, many different pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have reported strong evidence for a common stochastic process in their data sets. The reported amplitudes are in tension with previously computed upper limits. In this paper,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-06-29 Aaron D. Johnson , Sarah J. Vigeland , Xavier Siemens , Stephen R. Taylor

The NANOGrav collaboration has recently observed first evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB) in pulsar timing data. Here we explore the possibility that this GWB is due to new physics, and show that the signal can be well fit…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-12 Wolfram Ratzinger , Pedro Schwaller

Several pulsar-timing array (PTA) collaborations are finding tantalising hints for a stochastic gravitational wave background signal in the nano-Hertz regime. So far, though, no convincing evidence for the expected Hellings-Downs…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-20 Gianmassimo Tasinato

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently found evidence for a nanohertz-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). Constraining its spectral characteristics will reveal its origins. To achieve this, we must understand how…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-11-15 William G. Lamb , Stephen R. Taylor , Rutger van Haasteren

The sensitivity of ongoing searches for gravitational wave (GW) sources in the ultra-low frequency regime ($10^{-9}$ Hz to $10^{-7}$ Hz) using Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) will continue to increase in the future as more well-timed pulsars…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-22 Yi-Qian Qian , Soumya D. Mohanty , Yan Wang

We consider the effects of relaxing the assumption that gravitational waves composing the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) are uncorrelated between frequencies in analyses of the data from Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). While…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-30 Wayne Hu , Qiuyue Liang , Meng-Xiang Lin , Mark Trodden

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Since GWs are anticipated from cosmic strings, PTAs offer a viable approach to testing their existence. We present the results of the first…

Globally, Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have revealed evidence supporting an existing gravitational wave background (GWB) signal in the PTA data set. Apart from acquiring more observations, the sensitivity of PTA experiments can be…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-03 El Mehdi Zahraoui , Patricio Maturana-Russel , Willem van Straten , Renate Meyer , Sergei Gulyaev

Detecting a stochastic gravitational wave background, particularly radiation from individually unresolvable super-massive black hole binary systems, is one of the primary targets for Pulsar Timing Arrays. Increasingly more stringent upper…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-16 Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Trevor Sidery , Ilya Mandel , Alberto Vecchio

The gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) are long sought by pulsar timing array experiments (PTAs), in the forms of both a stochastic GW background (GWB) and individual sources. The evidence for a GWB was…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-27 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) provide a way to detect gravitational waves at nanohertz frequencies. In this band, the most likely signals are stochastic, with a power spectrum that rises steeply at lower frequencies. Indeed, the observation…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-02 Bruce Allen , Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Yashwant Gupta , Maura McLaughlin , Priyamvada Natarajan , Ryan M. Shannon , Eric Thrane , Alberto Vecchio

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) hunt for gravitational waves (GW) by searching for the correlations that GWs induce in the time-of-arrival residuals from different pulsars. If the GW sources are of astrophysical origin, then they are located at…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-05 Bruce Allen , Deepali Agarwal , Joseph D. Romano , Serena Valtolina

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), aimed at detecting gravitational waves (GWs) in the $1\sim 100$ nHz range, have recently made significant strides. Compelling evidence has emerged for a common spectrum signal spatially correlated among pulsars,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-31 Yu-Mei Wu , Yan-Chen Bi , Qing-Guo Huang

The detection of a stochastic signal by recent pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations, including NANOGrav, PPTA, EPTA+InPTA, CPTA and MPTA, has opened a new window to explore gravitational waves (GWs) at nanohertz frequencies. Motivated…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-17 Zhi-Zhang Peng , You Wu , Lang Liu

Mapping gravitational-wave background (GWB) anisotropy with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is affected by harmonic-space mode suppression and mode coupling arising from an array's nonuniform sky response. Spherical harmonic expansions must be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-24 Deepali Agarwal , Joseph D. Romano , Yacine Ali-Haïmoud , Tristan L. Smith

Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) as gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. To date, that interest has focused mainly on three particularly promising source types: supermassive--black-hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-02-26 Curt Cutler , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Michele Vallisneri , Joseph Lazio , Walid Majid

The announcement in the summer of 2023 about the discovery of evidence for a gravitational wave background (GWB) using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) has ignited both the PTA and the larger scientific community's interest in the experiment and…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-22 Nima Laal , Stephen R. Taylor , Rutger van Haasteren , William G Lamb , Xavier Siemens

The recent observation of a common red-noise process in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) suggests that the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves might be around the corner. However, in order to confidently attribute this red process to…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-25 Valentina Di Marco , Andrew Zic , Matthew T. Miles , Daniel J. Reardon , Eric Thrane , Ryan M. Shannon

The degree of Gaussianity of a field offers insights into its cosmological nature, and its statistical properties serve as indicators of its Gaussianity. In this work, we examine the signatures of Gaussianity in a gravitational wave…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-10 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Stephen Appleby , Kin-Wang Ng
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