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Engineering successful machine learning (ML)-enabled systems poses various challenges from both a theoretical and a practical side. Among those challenges are how to effectively address unrealistic expectations of ML capabilities from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Hugo Villamizar , Marcos Kalinowski , Helio Lopes , Daniel Mendez

Requirements engineering (RE) activities for machine learning (ML) are not well-established and researched in the literature. Many issues and challenges exist when specifying, designing, and developing ML-enabled systems. Adding more focus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Hugo Villamizar , Marcos Kalinowski , Helio lopes

Increasing availability of machine learning (ML) frameworks and tools, as well as their promise to improve solutions to data-driven decision problems, has resulted in popularity of using ML techniques in software systems. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Grace A. Lewis , Stephany Bellomo , Ipek Ozkaya

Context: Machine learning (ML)-enabled systems are being increasingly adopted by companies aiming to enhance their products and operational processes. Objective: This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of the current status quo…

Machine learning (ML) is about computational methods that enable machines to learn concepts from experience. In handling a wide variety of experience ranging from data instances, knowledge, constraints, to rewards, adversaries, and lifelong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Zhiting Hu , Eric P. Xing

The introduction of machine learning (ML) components in software projects has created the need for software engineers to collaborate with data scientists and other specialists. While collaboration can always be challenging, ML introduces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Nadia Nahar , Shurui Zhou , Grace Lewis , Christian Kästner

[Context] The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) in software systems demands specialized ideation approaches that address ML-specific challenges, including data dependencies, technical feasibility, and alignment between business…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Silvio Alonso , Antonio Pedro Santos Alves , Lucas Romao , Hélio Lopes , Marcos Kalinowski

As machine learning (ML) systems increasingly permeate high-stakes settings such as healthcare, transportation, military, and national security, concerns regarding their reliability have emerged. Despite notable progress, the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Anthony Corso , David Karamadian , Romeo Valentin , Mary Cooper , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

The development of Machine Learning (ML) based systems is complex and requires multidisciplinary teams with diverse skill sets. This may lead to communication issues or misapplication of best practices. Process models can alleviate these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Sergio Morales , Robert Clarisó , Jordi Cabot

[Context] Machine learning (ML)-enabled systems are present in our society, driving significant digital transformations. The dynamic nature of ML development, characterized by experimental cycles and rapid changes in data, poses challenges…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Lucas Romao , Hugo Villamizar , Romeu Oliveira , Silvio Alonso , Marcos Kalinowski

Context: Machine learning (ML) is nowadays so pervasive and diffused that virtually no application can avoid its use. Nonetheless, its enormous potential is often tempered by the need to manage non-functional requirements and navigate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Vincenzo De Martino , Fabio Palomba

Context and motivation: The development and operation of critical software that contains machine learning (ML) models requires diligence and established processes. Especially the training data used during the development of ML models have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Hans-Martin Heyn , Eric Knauss , Iswarya Malleswaran , Shruthi Dinakaran

Machine learning (ML) is used increasingly in real-world applications. In this paper, we describe our ongoing endeavor to define characteristics and challenges unique to Requirements Engineering (RE) for ML-based systems. As a first step,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Andreas Vogelsang , Markus Borg

Incorporating Machine Learning (ML) into existing systems is a demand that has grown among several organizations. However, the development of ML-enabled systems encompasses several social and technical challenges, which must be addressed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Gabriel Busquim , Allysson Allex Araújo , Maria Julia Lima , Marcos Kalinowski

After a machine learning (ML)-based system is deployed, monitoring its performance is important to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the algorithm over time. When an ML algorithm interacts with its environment, the algorithm can affect…

As machine learning (ML) systems take a more prominent and central role in contributing to life-impacting decisions, ensuring their trustworthiness and accountability is of utmost importance. Explanations sit at the core of these desirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Sahil Verma , Aditya Lahiri , John P. Dickerson , Su-In Lee

How can the complexity of ML-enabled systems be managed effectively? The goal of this research is to investigate how complexity affects ML-Enabled Systems (MLES). To address this question, this research aims to introduce a metrics-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Renato Cordeiro Ferreira

Machine learning (ML) provides us with numerous opportunities, allowing ML systems to adapt to new situations and contexts. At the same time, this adaptability raises uncertainties concerning the run-time product quality or dependability,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Lalli Myllyaho , Mikko Raatikainen , Tomi Männistö , Jukka K. Nurminen , Tommi Mikkonen

The crafting of machine learning (ML) based systems requires statistical control throughout its life cycle. Careful quantification of business requirements and identification of key factors that impact the business requirements reduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Samuel Ackerman , Guy Barash , Eitan Farchi , Orna Raz , Onn Shehory

Nowadays, systems containing components based on machine learning (ML) methods are becoming more widespread. In order to ensure the intended behavior of a software system, there are standards that define necessary quality aspects of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Julien Siebert , Lisa Joeckel , Jens Heidrich , Koji Nakamichi , Kyoko Ohashi , Isao Namba , Rieko Yamamoto , Mikio Aoyama
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