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Language Model (LM) agents for cybersecurity that are capable of autonomously identifying vulnerabilities and executing exploits have potential to cause real-world impact. Policymakers, model providers, and researchers in the AI and…

Machine learning (ML) is transforming modeling and control in the physical, engineering, and biological sciences. However, rapid development has outpaced the creation of standardized, objective benchmarks - leading to weak baselines,…

Teamwork is integral to higher education, fostering students' interpersonal skills, improving learning outcomes, and preparing them for professional collaboration later in their careers. While team formation has traditionally been managed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Aaron Kessler , Tim Scheiber , Heinz Schmitz , Ioanna Lykourentzou

Existing benchmarks for LLM-based offensive security agents use isolated, single-target setups with a known vulnerable service and fixed objective. They measure exploitation effectively, but miss how real Capture-the-Flag (CTF) participants…

Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen

Classical cybersecurity is often perceived as a rigid science discipline filled with computer scientists and mathematicians. However, due to the rapid pace of technology development and integration, new criminal enterprises, new defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Emily Kesler

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in code generation, yet they struggle with the multi-step, stateful reasoning required for offensive cybersecurity operations. Existing research often relies on static benchmarks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 James Hugglestone , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Dawson Stoller , Ryan Schmidt , Xiuwen Liu

Identifying the actual adversarial threat against a system vulnerability has been a long-standing challenge for cybersecurity research. To determine an optimal strategy for the defender, game-theoretic based decision models have been widely…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Siddhant Bhambri , Purv Chauhan , Frederico Araujo , Adam Doupé , Subbarao Kambhampati

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly proposed to automate offensive security tasks, with recent studies reporting near human-level success rates in Capture-the-Flag (CTF) challenges. We here revisit these results, providing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Youness Bouchari , Matteo Boffa , Marco Mellia , Idilio Drago , Thanh Minh Bui , Dario Rossi

Unix competence is the ability to use shell and operating-system primitives as first-class tools, not merely to write programs through a terminal. Current terminal benchmarks tend to blur this distinction: a solver fluent in Python but weak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Geoffrey Bradway , Roger Creus Castanyer , Lorenz Wolf , Maxwill Lin , Matthew James Sargent , Augustine N. Mavor-Parker

In this paper, we take a close look at how CTF can be used in cybersecurity education. We divide the CTF competitions into four different categories, which are attack-based CTFs, defense-based CTFs, jeopardy CTFs and gamified and wargames…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yi Lyu , Luke Dotson , Nic Draves , Andy Zhang

Teams can outperform individuals; could adding AI teammates further bolster performance of teams solving problems collaboratively? Collaborative problem solving (CPS) research commonly studies teams with two agents (human-human or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Nikita Haduong , Irene Wang , Bo-Ru Lu , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Noah A. Smith

Variations of the Flip-It game have been applied to model network cyber operations. While Flip-It can accurately express uncertainty and loss of control, it imposes no essential resource constraints for operations. Capture the flag (CTF)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jon Goohs , Georgel Savin , Lucas Starks , Josiah Dykstra , William Casey

Understanding collaboration patterns in introductory programming courses is essential, as teamwork is a critical skill in computer science. In professional environments, software development relies on effective teamwork, navigating diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Santiago Berrezueta-Guzman , Patrick Bassner , Stefan Wagner , Stephan Krusche

The increased demand of cyber security professionals has also increased the development of new platforms and tools that help those professionals to improve their offensive skills. One of these platforms is HackTheBox, an online cyber…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Ariel R. Ril , Daniel Dalalana Bertoglio , Avelino F. Zorzo

Teamwork is a set of interrelated reasoning, actions and behaviors of team members that facilitate common objectives. Teamwork theory and experiments have resulted in a set of states and processes for team effectiveness in both human-human…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Tianwei Ni , Huao Li , Siddharth Agrawal , Suhas Raja , Fan Jia , Yikang Gui , Dana Hughes , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

This paper presents the Cybersecurity Psychology Framework (CPF), a novel methodology for quantifying human-centric vulnerabilities in security operations through systematic integration of established psychological constructs with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Giuseppe Canale

Capstone courses in undergraduate software engineering are a critical final milestone for students. These courses allow students to create a software solution and demonstrate the knowledge they accumulated in their degrees. However, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Ze Shi Li , Nowshin Nawar Arony , Kezia Devathasan , Daniela Damian

Capture the Flag (CTF) competitions are increasingly important for the Brazilian cybersecurity community as education and professional tools. Unfortunately, CTF platforms may suffer from security issues, giving an unfair advantage to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Paulo Matias , Pedro Barbosa , Thiago Cardoso , Diego Mariano , Diego Aranha

In this work, we formulate the problem of team formation amidst conflicts. The goal is to assign individuals to tasks, with given capacities, taking into account individuals' task preferences and the conflicts between them. Using dependent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Iasonas Nikolaou , Evimaria Terzi