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In digital pathology, the multiple instance learning (MIL) strategy is widely used in the weakly supervised histopathology whole slide image (WSI) classification task where giga-pixel WSIs are only labeled at the slide level. However,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Zhan Shi , Jingwei Zhang , Jun Kong , Fusheng Wang

Accurate analysis of histopathological images is critical for disease diagnosis and treatment planning. Whole-slide images (WSIs), which digitize tissue specimens at gigapixel resolution, are fundamental to this process but require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Enhui Chai , Sicheng Chen , Tianyi Zhang , Chad Wong , Kecheng Huang , Zeyu Liu , Fei Xia

Weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification is challenging due to the lack of patch-level labels and high computational costs. State-of-the-art methods use self-supervised patch-wise feature representations for multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Wentao Huang , Xiaoling Hu , Shahira Abousamra , Prateek Prasanna , Chao Chen

Computational pathology holds substantial promise for improving diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. Recent pathology foundation models enable the extraction of rich patch-level representations from large-scale whole-slide images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiangde Luo , Jinxi Xiang , Yuanfeng Ji , Ruijiang Li

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are typically analyzed using multiple instance learning (MIL) methods. However, the scale and heterogeneity of WSIs generate highly redundant and dispersed information, making it difficult to identify and integrate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yueting Zhu , Yuehao Song , Shuai Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang

Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis is a powerful method to facilitate the diagnosis of cancer in tissue samples. Automating this diagnosis poses various issues, most notably caused by the immense image resolution and limited annotations. WSIs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Ahmet Gokberk Gul , Oezdemir Cetin , Christoph Reich , Tim Prangemeier , Nadine Flinner , Heinz Koeppl

While multiple instance learning (MIL) has shown to be a promising approach for histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis, its reliance on permutation invariance significantly limits its capacity to effectively uncover semantic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Xiwen Chen , Peijie Qiu , Wenhui Zhu , Hao Wang , Huayu Li , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiaotong Sun , Xiaobing Yu , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi , Aristeidis Sotiras

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a weakly-supervised problem in which one label is assigned to the whole bag of instances. An important class of MIL models is instance-based, where we first classify instances and then aggregate those…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Dawid Rymarczyk , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Robert Sabiniewicz , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a promising approach for weakly supervised classification in pathology using whole slide images (WSIs). However, conventional MIL methods such as Attention-Based Deep Multiple Instance Learning (ABMIL)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-28 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Mihail Tifrea , Sibylle Hess , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in histopathology to classify Whole Slide Images (WSIs) with slide-level diagnoses. While the ground truth is established by expert pathologists, the slides can be difficult to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Marie Arrivat , Rémy Peyret , Elsa Angelini , Pietro Gori

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) is pivotal for analyzing complex, weakly labeled datasets, such as whole-slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology, where bags comprise unordered collections of instances with sparse diagnostic relevance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yuedi Zhang , Zhixiang Xia , Guosheng Yin , Bin Liu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in medical imaging classification to reduce the labeling effort. While only bag labels are available for training, one typically seeks predictions at both bag and instance levels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

In the application of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, attention mechanisms often focus on a subset of discriminative instances, which are closely linked to overfitting. To mitigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yunlong Zhang , Honglin Li , Yuxuan Sun , Sunyi Zheng , Chenglu Zhu , Lin Yang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification has very significant applications in clinical pathology, e.g., tumor identification and cancer diagnosis. Currently, most research attention is focused on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) using static…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Jiaxiang Gou , Luping Ji , Pei Liu , Mao Ye

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification remains a challenge due to their extremely high resolution and the absence of fine-grained labels. Presently, WSI classification is usually regarded as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Weakly-supervised classification of histopathology slides is a computationally intensive task, with a typical whole slide image (WSI) containing billions of pixels to process. We propose Discriminative Region Active Sampling for Multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-23 Jack Breen , Katie Allen , Kieran Zucker , Geoff Hall , Nicolas M. Orsi , Nishant Ravikumar

The survival analysis on histological whole-slide images (WSIs) is one of the most important means to estimate patient prognosis. Although many weakly-supervised deep learning models have been developed for gigapixel WSIs, their potential…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-06 Pei Liu , Luping Ji , Feng Ye , Bo Fu

Whole slide image (WSI) assessment is a challenging and crucial step in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. WSIs require high magnifications to facilitate sub-cellular analysis. Precise annotations for patch- or even pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Simon Holdenried-Krafft , Peter Somers , Ivonne A. Montes-Majarro , Diana Silimon , Cristina Tarín , Falko Fend , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin