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In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant success in various synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tasks. However, the complexity and opacity of their internal mechanisms hinder the fulfillment of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Siyuan Sun , Yongping Zhang , Hongcheng Zeng , Yamin Wang , Wei Yang , Wanting Yang , Jie Chen

The gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method can faithfully highlight important regions in images for deep model prediction in image classification, image captioning and many other tasks. It uses the gradients in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Lei Chen , Jianhui Chen , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

With the intervention of machine vision in our crucial day to day necessities including healthcare and automated power plants, attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ram S Iyer , Narayan S Iyer , Rugmini Ammal P

As the request for deep learning solutions increases, the need for explainability is even more fundamental. In this setting, particular attention has been given to visualization techniques, that try to attribute the right relevance to each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Samuele Poppi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Visualizing the features captured by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is one of the conventional approaches to interpret the predictions made by these models in numerous image recognition applications. Grad-CAM is a popular solution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Sam Sattarzadeh , Mahesh Sudhakar , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Tillmann Rheude , Andreas Wirtz , Arjan Kuijper , Stefan Wesarg

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Methods based on class activation maps (CAM) provide a simple mechanism to interpret predictions of convolutional neural networks by using linear combinations of feature maps as saliency maps. By contrast, masking-based methods optimize a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Hanwei Zhang , Felipe Torres , Ronan Sicre , Yannis Avrithis , Stephane Ayache

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soufiane Belharbi , Aydin Sarraf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

Data series classification is an important and challenging problem in data science. Explaining the classification decisions by finding the discriminant parts of the input that led the algorithm to some decisions is a real need in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Paul Boniol , Mohammed Meftah , Emmanuel Remy , Themis Palpanas

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to generate visual explanations for deep learning classifiers in medical imaging. However, existing evaluation frameworks assess whether explanations are correct, measured by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kabilan Elangovan , Daniel Ting

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success across domains but remain difficult to interpret, limiting their trustworthiness in high-stakes applications. This paper focuses on deep vision models, for which a dominant line…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Qiming Zhao , Xingjian Li , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaolong Wu , Min Xu

Gaining insight into how deep convolutional neural network models perform image classification and how to explain their outputs have been a concern to computer vision researchers and decision makers. These deep models are often referred to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Daniel Omeiza , Skyler Speakman , Celia Cintas , Komminist Weldermariam

Graph convolutional neural network (GCN) has drawn increasing attention and attained good performance in various computer vision tasks, however, there lacks a clear interpretation of GCN's inner mechanism. For standard convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zhenpeng Feng , Xiyang Cui , Hongbing Ji , Mingzhe Zhu , Ljubisa Stankovic

Convolutional Neural Networks have been known as black-box models as humans cannot interpret their inner functionalities. With an attempt to make CNNs more interpretable and trustworthy, we propose IS-CAM (Integrated Score-CAM), where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Rakshit Naidu , Ankita Ghosh , Yash Maurya , Shamanth R Nayak K , Soumya Snigdha Kundu

Recent brain tumor classification methods often report high accuracy but rely on deep, over-parameterized architectures with limited interpretability, making it difficult to determine whether predictions are driven by tumor-relevant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Rajan Das Gupta , Md Imrul Hasan Showmick , Lei Wei , Mushfiqur Rahman Abir , Shanjida Akter , Md. Yeasin Rahat , Md. Jakir Hossen

Facial Attribute Classification (FAC) has attracted increasing attention in computer vision and pattern recognition. However, state-of-the-art FAC methods perform face detection/alignment and FAC independently. The inherent dependencies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Longbiao Mao , Yan Yan , Jing-Hao Xue , Hanzi Wang

We present Smooth Grad-CAM++, a technique which combines two recent techniques: SMOOTHGRAD and Grad-CAM++. Smooth Grad-CAM++ has the capability of either visualizing a layer, subset of feature maps, or subset of neurons within a feature map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Daniel Omeiza