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Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a learning task of tagging instances with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Problems of this scale can be efficiently handled by organizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kalina Jasinska-Kobus , Marek Wydmuch , Krzysztof Dembczynski , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Robert Busa-Fekete

Label embedding is a framework for multiclass classification problems where each label is represented by a distinct vector of some fixed dimension, and training involves matching model output to the vector representing the correct label.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jianxin Zhang , Clayton Scott

As a cross-topic of multi-view learning and multi-label classification, multi-view multi-label classification has gradually gained traction in recent years. The application of multi-view contrastive learning has further facilitated this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Chengliang Liu , Jie Wen , Yong Xu , Bob Zhang , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang

As we all know, multi-view data is more expressive than single-view data and multi-label annotation enjoys richer supervision information than single-label, which makes multi-view multi-label learning widely applicable for various pattern…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Chengliang Liu , Jie Wen , Xiaoling Luo , Yong Xu

Industrial multi-label document understanding pipelines score candidate labels and threshold or rank them to form a label set per document. This early selection step directly affects the accuracy of downstream information extraction from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Lasal Jayawardena , Nirmalie Wiratunga , Ikechukwu Nkisi-Orji , Darren Nicol

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to categorize text data based on a structured label hierarchy, resulting in predicted labels forming a sub-hierarchy tree. The semantics of the text should align with the semantics of the labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ashish Kumar , Durga Toshniwal

Existing class incremental learning is mainly designed for single-label classification task, which is ill-equipped for multi-label scenarios due to the inherent contradiction of learning objectives for samples with incomplete labels. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Aoting Zhang , Dongbao Yang , Chang Liu , Xiaopeng Hong , Yu Zhou

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex taxonomic structure. Nearly all recent HTC works focus on how the labels are structured but ignore the sub-structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Houfeng Wang

Multi-label classification is a type of classification task, it is used when there are two or more classes, and the data point we want to predict may belong to none of the classes or all of them at the same time. In the real world, many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Shikun Chen

The number of categories of instances in the real world is normally huge, and each instance may contain multiple labels. To distinguish these massive labels utilizing machine learning, eXtreme Label Classification (XLC) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Daojun Liang , Haixia Zhang , Dongfeng Yuan , Minggao Zhang

Disaggregated performance metrics across demographic groups are a hallmark of fairness assessments in computer vision. These metrics successfully incentivized performance improvements on person-centric tasks such as face analysis and are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Melissa Hall , Bobbie Chern , Laura Gustafson , Denisse Ventura , Harshad Kulkarni , Candace Ross , Nicolas Usunier

Due to the difficulty of collecting exhaustive multi-label annotations, multi-label datasets often contain partial labels. We consider an extreme of this weakly supervised learning problem, called single positive multi-label learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Donghao Zhou , Pengfei Chen , Qiong Wang , Guangyong Chen , Pheng-Ann Heng

The label quality of defect data sets has a direct influence on the reliability of defect prediction models. In this study, for multi-version-project defect data sets, we propose an approach to automatically detecting instances with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Shiran Liu , Zhaoqiang Guo , Yanhui Li , Chuanqi Wang , Lin Chen , Zhongbin Sun , Yuming Zhou

Multi-label classification is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, but not much attention has been paid to interpretability. In this paper, we develop a multi-label classifier that can be represented as a concise set of simple "if-then" rules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Martino Ciaperoni , Han Xiao , Aristides Gionis

Multi-view multi-label classification (MvMLC) has recently garnered significant research attention due to its wide range of real-world applications. However, incompleteness in views and labels is a common challenge, often resulting from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Wulin Xie , Lian Zhao , Jiang Long , Xiaohuan Lu , Bingyan Nie

Label bias occurs when the outcome of interest is not directly observable and instead, modeling is performed with proxy labels. When the difference between the true outcome and the proxy label is correlated with predictors, this can yield…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-02 Jonas Mikhaeil , Andrew Gelman , Philip Greengard

Most information in our world is organized hierarchically; however, many Deep Learning approaches do not leverage this semantically rich structure. Research suggests that human learning benefits from exploiting the hierarchical structure of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Alexandru Manole , Laura Diosan

Conventional multi-label classification (MLC) methods assume that all samples are fully labeled and identically distributed. Unfortunately, this assumption is unrealistic in large-scale MLC data that has long-tailed (LT) distribution and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Wenqiao Zhang , Changshuo Liu , Lingze Zeng , Beng Chin Ooi , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

Multi-instance partial-label learning (MIPL) is an emerging learning framework where each training sample is represented as a multi-instance bag associated with a candidate label set. Existing MIPL algorithms often overlook the margins for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Wei Tang , Yin-Fang Yang , Zhaofei Wang , Weijia Zhang , Min-Ling Zhang

In contrast to conventional (single-label) classification, the setting of multilabel classification (MLC) allows an instance to belong to several classes simultaneously. Thus, instead of selecting a single class label, predictions take the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Vu-Linh Nguyen , Eyke Hüllermeier