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Recently, several fast algorithms have been proposed to decompose predicted value into Shapley values, enabling individualized feature contribution analysis in tree models. While such local decomposition offers valuable insights, it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-28 Zhongli Jiang , Min Zhang , Dabao Zhang

Missing data is a prevalent issue that can significantly impair model performance and explainability. This paper briefly summarizes the development of the field of missing data with respect to Explainable Artificial Intelligence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Tuan L. Vo , Thu Nguyen , Luis M. Lopez-Ramos , Hugo L. Hammer , Michael A. Riegler , Pal Halvorsen

Interpretability of learning algorithms is crucial for applications involving critical decisions, and variable importance is one of the main interpretation tools. Shapley effects are now widely used to interpret both tree ensembles and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-03 Clément Bénard , Gérard Biau , Sébastien da Veiga , Erwan Scornet

As modern complex neural networks keep breaking records and solving harder problems, their predictions also become less and less intelligible. The current lack of interpretability often undermines the deployment of accurate machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Jacopo Teneggi , Alexandre Luster , Jeremias Sulam

It is becoming increasingly important to explain complex, black-box machine learning models. Although there is an expanding literature on this topic, Shapley values stand out as a sound method to explain predictions from any type of machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-03 Annabelle Redelmeier , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Variable selection or importance measurement of input variables to a machine learning model has become the focus of much research. It is no longer enough to have a good model, one also must explain its decisions. This is why there are so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vincent Lemaire , Fabrice Clérot , Marc Boullé

Explainable AI (XAI) has become an increasingly important topic for understanding and attributing the predictions made by complex Time Series Classification (TSC) models. Among attribution methods, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Davide Italo Serramazza , Nikos Papadeas , Zahraa Abdallah , Georgiana Ifrim

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) is one of the most promising interpretation methods for machine learning models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Yasunobu Nohara , Toyoshi Inoguchi , Chinatsu Nojiri , Naoki Nakashima

Feature selection is an essential process in machine learning, especially when dealing with high-dimensional datasets. It helps reduce the complexity of machine learning models, improve performance, mitigate overfitting, and decrease…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Egor Kraev , Baran Koseoglu , Luca Traverso , Mohammed Topiwalla

Understanding the decision-making process of machine learning models is crucial for ensuring trustworthy machine learning. Data Shapley, a landmark study on data valuation, advances this understanding by assessing the contribution of each…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Huaiguang Cai

Association rules are an important technique for gaining insights over large relational datasets consisting of tuples of elements (i.e. attribute-value pairs). However, it is difficult to explain the relative importance of data elements…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hadar Ben-Efraim , Susan B. Davidson , Amit Somech

For reinforcement learning systems to be widely adopted, their users must understand and trust them. We present a theoretical analysis of explaining reinforcement learning using Shapley values, following a principled approach from game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Daniel Beechey , Thomas M. S. Smith , Özgür Şimşek

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

DNNs are susceptible to defects like backdoors, adversarial attacks, and unfairness, undermining their reliability. Existing approaches mainly involve retraining, optimization, constraint-solving, or search algorithms. However, most methods…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Xinyu Sun , Wanwei Liu , Haoang Chi , Tingyu Chen , Xiaoguang Mao , Shangwen Wang , Lei Bu , Jingyi Wang , Yang Tan , Zhenyi Qi

SHAP scores represent the proposed use of the well-known Shapley values in eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Recent work has shown that the exact computation of SHAP scores can produce unsatisfactory results. Concretely, for some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Olivier Letoffe , Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

Many existing interpretation methods are based on Partial Dependence (PD) functions that, for a pre-trained machine learning model, capture how a subset of the features affects the predictions by averaging over the remaining features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinyang Liu , Tessa Steensgaard , Marvin N. Wright , Niklas Pfister , Munir Hiabu

Industrial processes generate complex data that challenge fault detection systems, often yielding opaque or underwhelming results despite advanced machine learning techniques. This study tackles such difficulties using the Tennessee Eastman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Pedro Cortes dos Santos , Matheus Becali Rocha , Renato A Krohling

While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly expanding more areas of application, little has been applied to make deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) more comprehensible. As RL becomes ubiquitous and used in critical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Alexandre Heuillet , Fabien Couthouis , Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

Despite significant progress in intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD), the lack of interpretability remains a critical barrier to practical industrial applications, driving the growth of interpretability research in IFD. Post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Qian Chen , Xingjian Dong , Zhike Peng , Guang Meng

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated strong capacity in supporting a wide variety of applications. Shapley value has emerged as a prominent tool to analyze feature importance to help people understand the inference process of deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-19 Xiaolei Lu
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