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The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

Benefiting from the event-driven and sparse spiking characteristics of the brain, spiking neural networks (SNNs) are becoming an energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap between SNNs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Man Yao , Guangshe Zhao , Hengyu Zhang , Yifan Hu , Lei Deng , Yonghong Tian , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Larger Spiking Neural Network (SNN) models are typically favorable as they can offer higher accuracy. However, employing such models on the resource- and energy-constrained embedded platforms is inefficient. Towards this, we present a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) hold great potential for improving the latency and energy efficiency of deep neural networks through event-based computation. However, training such networks is difficult due to the non-differentiable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-09-01 Jun Haeng Lee , Tobi Delbruck , Michael Pfeiffer

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are emerging as a brain-inspired alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), prized for their potential energy efficiency on neuromorphic hardware. Despite this, SNNs often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Chengting Yu , Xiaochen Zhao , Lei Liu , Shu Yang , Gaoang Wang , Erping Li , Aili Wang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs), in virtue of their high biological plausibility, rich spatial-temporal dynamics, and event-driven computation. The direct…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Chenlin Zhou , Han Zhang , Liutao Yu , Yumin Ye , Zhaokun Zhou , Liwei Huang , Zhengyu Ma , Xiaopeng Fan , Huihui Zhou , Yonghong Tian

The machine learning community has become increasingly interested in the energy efficiency of neural networks. The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing, since its activation levels are quantized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Aaron R. Voelker , Daniel Rasmussen , Chris Eliasmith

Spiking neural networks are neuromorphic systems that emulate certain aspects of biological neurons, offering potential advantages in energy efficiency and speed by for example leveraging sparsity. While CMOS-based electronic SNN hardware…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ria Talukder , Anas Skalli , Xavier Porte , Simon Thorpe , Daniel Brunner

We propose that in order to harness our understanding of neuroscience toward machine learning, we must first have powerful tools for training brain-like models of learning. Although substantial progress has been made toward understanding…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Samuel Schmidgall , Joe Hays

Neurons communicate with downstream systems via sparse and incredibly brief electrical pulses, or spikes. Using these events, they control various targets such as neuromuscular units, neurosecretory systems, and other neurons in connected…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-17 Paolo Agliati , André Urbano , Pablo Lanillos , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven , Sander Keemink

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), regarded as the third generation of artificial neural networks, are expected to bridge the gap between artificial intelligence and computational neuroscience. However, most mainstream SNN research directly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yongsheng Huang , Peibo Duan , Yujie Wu , Kai Sun , Zhipeng Liu , Changsheng Zhang , Bin Zhang , Mingkun Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer biologically inspired, energy-efficient alternatives to traditional Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for real-time control systems. However, their training presents several challenges, particularly for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ali Safa , Farida Mohsen , Ali Al-Zawqari

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute using sparse communication and are attracting increased attention as a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks~(ANNs). While standard ANNs are stateless, spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Balázs Mészáros , James C. Knight , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have garnered a great amount of interest for supervised and unsupervised learning applications. This paper deals with the problem of training multi-layer feedforward SNNs. The non-linear integrate-and-fire…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Navin Anwani , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a more energy-efficient alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by mimicking biological neural principles, establishing them as a promising approach to mitigate the increasing energy demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Velibor Bojković , Xiaofeng Wu , Bin Gu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) with event-based computation are promising brain-inspired models for energy-efficient applications on neuromorphic hardware. However, most supervised SNN training methods, such as conversion from artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent a promising paradigm for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing due to their bio-plausible and spike-driven characteristics. However, the robustness of SNNs in complex adversarial environments…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Shuai Wang , Malu Zhang , Yulin Jiang , Dehao Zhang , Ammar Belatreche , Yu Liang , Yimeng Shan , Zijian Zhou , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient way to extract 3D spatio-temporal features. However, existing SNNs still exhibit a significant performance gap compared to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) due to inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xuerui Qiu , Peixi Wu , Yaozhi Wen , Shaowei Gu , Yuqi Pan , Xinhao Luo , Bo XU , Guoqi Li

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) represent a promising approach in machine learning, combining the hierarchical learning capabilities of deep neural networks with the energy efficiency of spike-based computations. Traditional end-to-end…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ruyin Wan , Qian Zhang , George Em Karniadakis

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) use discrete spike sequences to transmit information, which significantly mimics the information transmission of the brain. Although this binarized form of representation dramatically enhances the energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng