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The theory of open quantum system is one of the most essential tools for the development of quantum technologies. Furthermore, the Lindblad (or Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad) Master Equation plays a key role as it is the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-06 Daniel Manzano

The Lindblad (GKLS) master equation, which represents the mathematical form for the general evolution of a density matrix, is a versatile and widely-used tool in open quantum systems. In contrast with the typical approach of imposing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Eugenia Pyurbeeva , Ronnie Kosloff

The Bloch equation that set the foundation for open quantum systems, was conceived by pure physical reasoning. Since then, the Lindblad (GKLS) form of a quantum master equation, its most general mathematical representation, became an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Eugenia Pyurbeeva , Ronnie Kosloff

A longstanding tool to characterize the evolution of open Markovian quantum systems is the GKSL (Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad) master equation. However, in some cases, open quantum systems can be effectively described with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Federico Roccati , G. Massimo Palma , Fabio Bagarello , Francesco Ciccarello

In 1976, Gorini, Kossakowski, Sudarshan and Lindblad independently discovered a general form of master equations for an open quantum Markovian dynamics. In honor of all the authors, the equation is nowadays called the GKLS master equation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-25 Gen Kimura , Shigeru Ajisaka , Kyouhei Watanabe

General open quantum systems display memory features, their master equations are non-Markovian. We show that the subclass of Gaussian non-Markovian open system dynamics is tractable in a depth similar to the Markovian class. The structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-19 Lajos Diósi , Luca Ferialdi

The so-called Lindblad equation, a typical master equation describing the dissipative quantum dynamics, is shown to be solvable for finite-level systems in a compact form without resort to writing it down as a set of equations among matrix…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Nakazato , Y. Hida , K. Yuasa , B. Militello , A. Napoli , A. Messina

The Lindblad master equation is a foundational tool for modeling the dynamics of open quantum systems. As its use has extended far beyond its original domain, the boundaries of its validity have grown opaque. In particular, the rise of new…

This is a concise, pedagogical introduction to the dynamic field of open quantum systems governed by Markovian master equations. We focus on the mathematical and physical origins of the widely used Lindblad equation, its unraveling in terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Shovan Dutta

We develop a Markovian master equation in the Lindblad form that enables the efficient study of a wide range of open quantum many-body systems that would be inaccessible with existing methods. The validity of the master equation is based…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Frederik Nathan , Mark S. Rudner

The local Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) quantum master equation is a powerful tool for the study of open quantum many-body systems. However, its microscopic derivation applicable to many-body systems is available only in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Koki Shiraishi , Masaya Nakagawa , Takashi Mori , Masahito Ueda

Completely positive, trace preserving (CPT) maps and Lindblad master equations are both widely used to describe the dynamics of open quantum systems. The connection between these two descriptions is a classic topic in mathematical physics.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-02-22 Toby S. Cubitt , Jens Eisert , Michael M. Wolf

Determining the Markovianity and non-Markovianity of a quantum process is a critical problem in the theory of open quantum systems, as their behaviors differ significantly in terms of complexity. It is well recognized that a quantum process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-30 Le Hu , Andrew N. Jordan

Time-local quantum master equations that describe open quantum systems beyond the limit of ultraweak system-bath coupling are often not of Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) form. Prominent examples are the Redfield equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Tobias Becker , André Eckardt

Markovian open quantum systems are described by the Lindblad master equation $\partial_t\rho =\mathcal{L}(\rho)$, where $\rho$ denotes the system's density operator and $\mathcal{L}$ the Liouville super-operator, which is also known as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Yikang Zhang , Thomas Barthel

The Lindblad equation embodies a fundamental paradigm of the quantum theory of open systems, and the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) generation theorem says precisely which superoperators can appear on its right-hand side.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Paul E. Lammert

A central problem in the theory of the dynamics of open quantum systems is the derivation of a rigorous and computationally tractable master equation for the reduced system density matrix. Most generally, the evolution of an open quantum…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-08-31 Daniel A. Lidar , Zsolt Bihary , K. Birgitta Whaley

Goran Lindblad was one of the pioneers of what is called now Quantum Thermodynamics. From this vast and rapidly developing field we have selected a sample of results concerning quantum open systems described by Markovian Master Equations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Robert Alicki

The time evolution of Markovian open quantum systems is governed by Lindblad master equations, whose solution can be formally written as the Lindbladian exponential acting on the initial density matrix. By expanding this Lindbladian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-03 Jiayin Gu , Fan Zhang

Markovian dynamics of open quantum systems are described by the L-GKS equation, known also as the Lindblad equation. The equation is expressed by means of left and right matrix multiplications. This formulation hampers numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-11 Morag Am-Shallem , Amikam Levy , Ido Schaefer , Ronnie Kosloff
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