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Bayesian Optimization is the state of the art technique for the optimization of black boxes, i.e., functions where we do not have access to their analytical expression nor its gradients, they are expensive to evaluate and its evaluation is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Eduardo C. Garrido Merchán , Luis C. Jariego Pérez

Black-box optimization (BBO) involves functions that are unknown, inexact and/or expensive-to-evaluate. Existing BBO algorithms face several challenges, including high computational cost from extensive evaluations, difficulty in handling…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Zixuan Zhang , Xiaowei Song , Jiaming Li , Yujiao Zeng , Yaling Nie , Min Zhu , Dongyun Lu , Yibo Zhang , Xin Xiao , Jie Li

We present a new multi-objective optimization approach for synthesizing interpretations that "explain" the behavior of black-box machine learning models. Constructing human-understandable interpretations for black-box models often requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Hazem Torfah , Shetal Shah , Supratik Chakraborty , S. Akshay , Sanjit A. Seshia

Model-based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) is a promising framework for learning control in a data-efficient manner. MBRL algorithms can be fairly complex due to the separate dynamics modeling and the subsequent planning algorithm, and as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Baohe Zhang , Raghu Rajan , Luis Pineda , Nathan Lambert , André Biedenkapp , Kurtland Chua , Frank Hutter , Roberto Calandra

The growing ubiquity of machine learning (ML) has led it to enter various areas of computer science, including black-box optimization (BBO). Recent research is particularly concerned with Bayesian optimization (BO). BO-based algorithms are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Elena Raponi , Nathanael Rakotonirina Carraz , Jérémy Rapin , Carola Doerr , Olivier Teytaud

As a result of the ever increasing complexity of configuring and fine-tuning machine learning models, the field of automated machine learning (AutoML) has emerged over the past decade. However, software implementations like Auto-WEKA and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Dimitrios Iliadis , Marcel Wever , Bernard De Baets , Willem Waegeman

Many real-world scientific and industrial applications require the optimization of expensive black-box functions. Bayesian Optimization (BO) provides an effective framework for such problems. However, traditional BO methods are prone to get…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhuo Yang , Daolang Wang , Lingli Ge , Beilun Wang , Tianfan Fu , Yuqiang Li

Automl is the key technology for machine learning problem. Current state of art hyperparameter optimization methods are based on traditional black-box optimization methods like SMBO (SMAC, TPE). The objective function of black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-19 Cheng Daning , Zhang Hanping , Xia Fen , Li Shigang , Zhang Yunquan

Modern machine learning models are often constructed taking into account multiple objectives, e.g., minimizing inference time while also maximizing accuracy. Multi-objective hyperparameter optimization (MHPO) algorithms return such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Matthias Feurer , Katharina Eggensperger , Edward Bergman , Florian Pfisterer , Bernd Bischl , Frank Hutter

Prompt optimization has often been framed as a discrete search problem to find high-performing and robust instructions for an LLM. However, the search result might not make it transparent why and where specific prompt changes lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiahui Li , Yarik Menchaca Resendiz , Sean Papay , Roman Klinger

Multi-fidelity (gray-box) hyperparameter optimization techniques (HPO) have recently emerged as a promising direction for tuning Deep Learning methods. However, existing methods suffer from a sub-optimal allocation of the HPO budget to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Martin Wistuba , Arlind Kadra , Josif Grabocka

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a widely popular approach for the hyperparameter optimization (HPO) in machine learning. At its core, BO iteratively evaluates promising configurations until a user-defined budget, such as wall-clock time or…

For a wide range of applications the structure of systems like Neural Networks or complex simulations, is unknown and approximation is costly or even impossible. Black-box optimization seeks to find optimal (hyper-) parameters for these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Janina Schreiber , Damar Wicaksono , Michael Hecht

Zero-shot hyperparameter optimization (HPO) is a simple yet effective use of transfer learning for constructing a small list of hyperparameter (HP) configurations that complement each other. That is to say, for any given dataset, at least…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-28 Fela Winkelmolen , Nikita Ivkin , H. Furkan Bozkurt , Zohar Karnin

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sequential decision-making tool widely used for optimizing expensive black-box functions. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable adaptability in low-data regimes, making them promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chih-Yu Chang , Milad Azvar , Chinedum Okwudire , Raed Al Kontar

Black box models in machine learning have demonstrated excellent predictive performance in complex problems and high-dimensional settings. However, their lack of transparency and interpretability restrict the applicability of such models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Numair Sani , Jaron Lee , Razieh Nabi , Ilya Shpitser

Some real problems require the evaluation of expensive and noisy objective functions. Moreover, the analytical expression of these objective functions may be unknown. These functions are known as black-boxes, for example, estimating the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-12 Lucia Asencio Martín , Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán

In the machine learning algorithms, the choice of the hyperparameter is often an art more than a science, requiring labor-intensive search with expert experience. Therefore, automation on hyperparameter optimization to exclude human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Taehyeon Kim , Jaeyeon Ahn , Nakyil Kim , Seyoung Yun

Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) plays a central role in the automated machine learning (AutoML). It is a challenging task as the response surfaces of hyperparameters are generally unknown, hence essentially a global optimization problem.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Zebin Yang , Aijun Zhang

Creating meaningful interpretations for black-box machine learning models involves balancing two often conflicting objectives: accuracy and explainability. Exploring the trade-off between these objectives is essential for developing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Aniruddha Joshi , Supratik Chakraborty , S Akshay , Shetal Shah , Hazem Torfah , Sanjit Seshia