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LEO satellite constellation coverage has served as the base platform for various space applications. However, the rapidly evolving security environment such as orbit debris and adversarial space threats are greatly endangering the security…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Yuhan Zhao , Quanyan Zhu

Very low Earth orbits (VLEO), typically classified as orbits below approximately 450 km in altitude, have the potential to provide significant benefits to spacecraft over those that operate in higher altitude orbits. This paper provides a…

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites play a pivotal role in global connectivity-delivering high-speed Internet, cellular coverage, and massive IoT support. With ever-growing onboard computing and storage resources, LEO satellites herald a new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhiyuan Zhao , Jiasheng Wu , Shaojie Su , Wenjun Zhu , Yue Gao

With the rapid development of satellite communication technologies, the space-based access network has been envisioned as a promising complementary part of the future 6G network. Aside from terrestrial base stations, satellite nodes,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Zhenyu Xiao , Junyi Yang , Tianqi Mao , Chong Xu , Rui Zhang , Zhu Han , Xiang-Gen Xia

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites are a key technology to enable connectivity for rural and remote users. Communication satellites in LEO can provide coverage to much larger areas than terrestrial or aerial systems, while offering improved…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Lachlan Drake , Lawrence Ong , Duy T. Ngo

The determination of the full population of Resident Space Objects (RSOs) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is a key issue in the field of space situational awareness that will only increase in importance in the coming years. We endeavour to…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-12 Benjamin F. Cooke , James A. Blake , Paul Chote , James McCormac , Don Pollacco

The performance of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) networks, which consist of thousands of satellites interconnected by optical links, is dependent on its network topology. Existing topology designs often assume idealized conditions and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Muaz Ali , Beichuan Zhang

Starlink and alike have attracted a lot of attention recently, however, the inner working of these low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networks is still largely unknown. This paper presents an ongoing measurement campaign focusing on Starlink,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Jianping Pan , Jinwei Zhao , Lin Cai

With the advent of the 6G era, global connectivity has become a common goal in the evolution of communications, aiming to bring Internet services to more unconnected regions. Additionally, the rise of applications such as the Internet of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Hao Lin , Mustafa A. Kishk , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

To model existing or future low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks leveraging multiple constellations, we propose a simple analytical approach to represent the clustering of satellites on orbits. More precisely, we develop a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Chang-Sik Choi , François Baccelli

We investigate a multi-low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite system that simultaneously provides positioning and communication services to terrestrial user terminals. To address the challenges of accurately acquiring channel state information in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Yuchen Zhang , Pinjun Zheng , Jie Ma , Henk Wymeersch , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Dynamic link failures disrupt the connectivity and geometric symmetry of the constellation structure, thereby increasing protocol overhead and degrading the effective capacity for traffic transport. The fundamental relationship between…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wei Li , Min Sheng

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems that use millimeter-wave frequencies rely on large antenna arrays with hybrid analog-digital architectures for rapid beam steering. LEO satellites are only visible from the ground for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Anders Malthe Westerkam , Amélia Struyf , Dimitri Lederer , Troels Pedersen , François Quitin

In recent years, the emergence of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has introduced unprecedented opportunities for global connectivity. However, routing efficiency and inter-shell communication remain key challenges…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Hailong Su , Jinshu Su , Yusheng Xia , Haibin Li

The utilisation of the Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) region offers significant application specific, technological, operational, and cost benefits. However, attaining sustained and economically viable VLEO flight is challenging, primarily due…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-10-19 Franziska Hild , Constantin Traub , Marcel Pfeiffer , Julian Beyer , Stefanos Fasoulas

Low earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations, integrating government space systems and commercial practices, have emerged as enabling technologies for the sixth generation (6G) networks due to their good merits of global coverage and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Lin Shih-Chun , Lin Chia-Hung , Chu Liang C. , Lien Shao-Yu

This letter studies the performance of a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication system where the locations of the LEO satellites are modeled as a binomial point process (BPP) on a spherical surface. In particular, we study the user…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Anna Talgat , Mustafa A. Kishk , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Starlink has rapidly emerged as the world's largest satellite constellation and the de facto reference system for low Earth orbit (LEO) networking research. Existing literature predominantly models Starlink as a static, symmetric, and fully…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Muaz Ali , Utkarsh Upadhyay , Sean McCormick , Joseph Hill , Beichuan Zhang

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are an important part of the global communication infrastructure today. Despite ongoing efforts to improve their resilience, they remain vulnerable to component damage and deorbiting under harsh…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-25 Eunju Kang , Alagappan Ramanathan , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

The use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in the next generation (Next-G) communication systems has been gaining traction over the last few years due to their potential for providing global connectivity with low latency. Since they are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Sambrama , Venkata Srirama Rohit Kantheti , Liang C Chu , Erik Blasch , Shih-Chun Lin