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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in the legal domain, with GPT-4 even passing the Uniform Bar Exam in the U.S. However their efficacy remains limited for non-standardized tasks and tasks in languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yeeun Kim , Young Rok Choi , Eunkyung Choi , Jinhwan Choi , Hai Jin Park , Wonseok Hwang

We introduce JBE-QA, a Japanese Bar Exam Question-Answering dataset to evaluate large language models' legal knowledge. Derived from the multiple-choice (tanto-shiki) section of the Japanese bar exam (2015-2024), JBE-QA provides the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhihan Cao , Fumihito Nishino , Hiroaki Yamada , Nguyen Ha Thanh , Yusuke Miyao , Ken Satoh

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into legal workflows. However, existing benchmarks primarily address proxy tasks, such as bar examination performance or classification, which fail to capture the performance and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Haesung Lee , Gyubin Choi , Eun-Ju Lee , So-Min Lee , Youkang Ko , Dogyoon Lim , Sung-Kyoung Jang , Yohan Jo

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) has become a core benchmark for evaluating AI in the criminal legal domain, but it only sees criminal cases that have already passed prosecutorial review and been formally indicted. As a result, LJP leaves a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junyu Lu , Qi Wei , Peishuo Zheng , Jie Zhang , Hui Huang , Qianru Wang , Chuan Xiao , Jianbin Qin , Shuyuan Zheng

This paper introduces LegalRikai: Open Benchmark, a new benchmark comprising four complex tasks that emulate Japanese corporate legal practices. The benchmark was created by legal professionals under the supervision of an attorney. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shogo Fujita , Yuji Naraki , Yiqing Zhu , Shinsuke Mori

Legal reasoning requires not only the application of legal rules but also an understanding of the context in which those rules operate. However, existing legal benchmarks primarily evaluate rule application under the assumption of fixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 JiHyeok Jung , TaeYoung Yoon , HyunSouk Cho

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly shaped the applications of AI in multiple fields, including the studies of legal intelligence. Trained on extensive legal texts, including statutes and legal documents, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Changyue Wang , Weihang Su , Hu Yiran , Qingyao Ai , Yueyue Wu , Cheng Luo , Yiqun Liu , Min Zhang , Shaoping Ma

This paper introduces a Korean legal judgment prediction (LJP) dataset for insurance disputes. Successful LJP models on insurance disputes can benefit insurance companies and their customers. It can save both sides' time and money by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Alice Saebom Kwak , Cheonkam Jeong , Ji Weon Lim , Byeongcheol Min

Word embedding is a modern distributed word representations approach widely used in many natural language processing tasks. Converting the vocabulary in a legal document into a word embedding model facilitates subjecting legal documents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Chun-Hsien Lin , Pu-Jen Cheng

We introduce the Korean Canonical Legal Benchmark (KCL), a benchmark designed to assess language models' legal reasoning capabilities independently of domain-specific knowledge. KCL provides question-level supporting precedents, enabling a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hongseok Oh , Wonseok Hwang , Kyoung-Woon On

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in natural language processing tasks and demonstrate considerable potential in the legal domain. However, legal applications demand high standards of accuracy, reliability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Haitao Li , You Chen , Qingyao Ai , Yueyue Wu , Ruizhe Zhang , Yiqun Liu

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to predict judgment results based on fact descriptions automatically. Recently, large-scale public datasets and advances in NLP research have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Junyun Cui , Xiaoyu Shen , Feiping Nie , Zheng Wang , Jinglong Wang , Yulong Chen

Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable performances in general domains and are now extending into the expert domain of law. Several benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate LLMs' legal capabilities. However, these benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jihyung Lee , Daehui Kim , Seonjeong Hwang , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Lee

Legal Case Retrieval (LCR), which retrieves relevant cases from a query case, is a fundamental task for legal professionals in research and decision-making. However, existing studies on LCR face two major limitations. First, they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chaeeun Kim , Jinu Lee , Wonseok Hwang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma

With the increasing intelligence and autonomy of LLM agents, their potential applications in the legal domain are becoming increasingly apparent. However, existing general-domain benchmarks cannot fully capture the complexity and subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Haitao Li , Junjie Chen , Jingli Yang , Qingyao Ai , Wei Jia , Youfeng Liu , Kai Lin , Yueyue Wu , Guozhi Yuan , Yiran Hu , Wuyue Wang , Yiqun Liu , Minlie Huang

Legal judgments may contain errors due to the complexity of case circumstances and the abstract nature of legal concepts, while existing appellate review mechanisms face efficiency pressures from a surge in case volumes. Although current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yifei Li , Richong Zhang , Wanyu Tu , Zhijie Nie , Haokun Luo , Chuantao Yin , Pengchong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Zhiwei Fei , Xiaoyu Shen , Dawei Zhu , Fengzhe Zhou , Zhuo Han , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen , Zongwen Shen , Jidong Ge

Legal rules encompass not only codified statutes but also implicit adjudicatory principles derived from precedents that contain discretionary norms, social morality, and policy. While computational legal research has advanced in applying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yiran Hu , Zheye Deng , Weiqi Wang , Baixuan Xu , Chunyang Li , Haoran Li , Weixing Shen , Yangqiu Song

In recent years, the rapid proliferation of open-source large language models (LLMs) has spurred efforts to turn general-purpose models into domain specialists. However, many domain-specialized LLMs are developed using datasets and training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Youngjoon Jang , Chanhee Park , Hyeonseok Moon , Young-kyoung Ham , Jiwon Moon , Jinhyeon Kim , JuKyung Jung , Heuiseok Lim
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