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In today's heavily overparameterized models, the value of the training loss provides few guarantees on model generalization ability. Indeed, optimizing only the training loss value, as is commonly done, can easily lead to suboptimal model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Pierre Foret , Ariel Kleiner , Hossein Mobahi , Behnam Neyshabur

Recent studies on deep neural networks show that flat minima of the loss landscape correlate with improved generalization. Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) efficiently finds flat regions by updating the parameters according to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Albert Kjøller Jacobsen , Georgios Arvanitidis

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has been demonstrated to improve the generalization performance of overparameterized models by seeking flat minima on the loss landscape through optimizing model parameters that incur the largest loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Tian Li , Tianyi Zhou , Jeffrey A. Bilmes

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) improves generalization by minimizing the worst-case loss within a fixed parameter-space radius neighborhood. SAM and its variants mainly rely on a first-order linearized surrogate, while flat minima are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jinping Wang , Qinhan Liu , Zhiwu Xie , Zhiqiang Gao

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has well documented merits in enhancing generalization of deep neural networks, even without sizable data augmentation. Embracing the geometry of the loss function, where neighborhoods of 'flat minima'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was recently introduced as a regularization procedure for training deep neural networks. It simultaneously minimizes the fitness (or loss) function and the so-called fitness sharpness. The latter serves as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Illya Bakurov , Nathan Haut , Wolfgang Banzhaf

Fine-tuning large pretrained language models on a limited training corpus usually suffers from poor generalization. Prior works show that the recently-proposed sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) optimization method can improve the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Peng Mi , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) enhances generalization by reducing a Max-Sharpness (MaxS). Despite the practical success, we empirically found that the MAxS behind SAM's generalization enhancements face the "Flatness Indicator Problem"…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Jiaxin Deng , Junbiao Pang , Baochang Zhang , Qingming Huang

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM), which searches for flat minima by min-max optimization, has been shown to be useful in improving model generalization. However, since each SAM update requires computing two gradients, its computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Weisen Jiang , Hansi Yang , Yu Zhang , James Kwok

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is a recent optimization framework aiming to improve the deep neural network generalization, through obtaining flatter (i.e. less sharp) solutions. As SAM has been numerically successful, recent papers…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-22 Kayhan Behdin , Rahul Mazumder

Modern deep learning models are over-parameterized, where the optimization setup strongly affects the generalization performance. A key element of reliable optimization for these systems is the modification of the loss function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Kayhan Behdin , Qingquan Song , Aman Gupta , David Durfee , Ayan Acharya , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is an optimization technique designed to improve generalization by favoring flatter loss minima. To achieve this, SAM optimizes a modified objective that penalizes sharpness, using computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nalin Tiwary , Siddarth Aananth

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is a recent training method that relies on worst-case weight perturbations which significantly improves generalization in various settings. We argue that the existing justifications for the success of SAM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Maksym Andriushchenko , Nicolas Flammarion

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has attracted considerable attention for its effectiveness in improving generalization in deep neural network training by explicitly minimizing sharpness in the loss landscape. Its success, however, relies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Sungbin Shin , Dongyeop Lee , Maksym Andriushchenko , Namhoon Lee

The recently proposed Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) improves generalization by minimizing a \textit{perturbed loss} defined as the maximum loss within a neighborhood in the parameter space. However, we show that both sharp and flat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Juntang Zhuang , Boqing Gong , Liangzhe Yuan , Yin Cui , Hartwig Adam , Nicha Dvornek , Sekhar Tatikonda , James Duncan , Ting Liu

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has received increasing attention in computer vision since it can effectively eliminate the sharp local minima from the training trajectory and mitigate generalization degradation. However, SAM requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yili Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Ninghao Liu , Ying Wang , Xin Wang

Modern deep learning models are over-parameterized, where different optima can result in widely varying generalization performance. The Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) technique modifies the fundamental loss function that steers gradient…

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) encourages flat minima by perturbing parameters along directions of high loss curvature, but treats all parameter directions uniformly, ignoring the underlying loss geometry. We introduce LLQR+SAM, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Simon Dufort-Labbé , Mehrab Hamidi , Razvan Pascanu , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Damien Scieur , Aristide Baratin

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) has well-documented merits in enhancing generalization of deep neural network models. Accounting for sharpness in the loss function geometry, where neighborhoods of `flat minima' heighten generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bingcong Li , Yilang Zhang , Georgios B. Giannakis

Sharpness-aware Minimization (SAM) improves generalization in large-scale model training by linking loss landscape geometry to generalization. However, challenges such as mislabeled noisy data and privacy concerns have emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Chenyang Ren , Yifan Jia , Huanyi Xie , Zhaobin Xu , Tianxing Wei , Liangyu Wang , Lijie Hu , Di Wang
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