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Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) is originated from the area of economic game theory and then introduced into the optimization community. BLO is able to handle problems with a hierarchical structure, involving two levels of optimization tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Risheng Liu , Jiaxin Gao , Jin Zhang , Deyu Meng , Zhouchen Lin

We propose a new splitting criterion for a meta-learning approach to multiclass classifier design that adaptively merges the classes into a tree-structured hierarchy of increasingly difficult binary classification problems. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Alfred O. Hero

We introduce the zip tree, a form of randomized binary search tree that integrates previous ideas into one practical, performant, and pleasant-to-implement package. A zip tree is a binary search tree in which each node has a numeric rank…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Robert E. Tarjan , Caleb C. Levy , Stephen Timmel

In order to speed-up classification models when facing a large number of categories, one usual approach consists in organizing the categories in a particular structure, this structure being then used as a way to speed-up the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-26 Aurélia Léon , Ludovic Denoyer

Algorithms for binary classification based on adaptive tree partitioning are formulated and analyzed for both their risk performance and their friendliness to numerical implementation. The algorithms can be viewed as generating a set…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-05 Peter Binev , Albert Cohen , Wolfgang Dahmen , Ronald DeVore

Alphabetic codes and binary search trees are combinatorial structures that abstract search procedures in ordered sets endowed with probability distributions. In this paper, we design new linear-time algorithms to construct alphabetic codes,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Roberto Bruno , Roberto De Prisco , Alfredo De Santis , Ugo Vaccaro

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

Sparse decision trees are one of the most common forms of interpretable models. While recent advances have produced algorithms that fully optimize sparse decision trees for prediction, that work does not address policy design, because the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Ali Behrouz , Mathias Lecuyer , Cynthia Rudin , Margo Seltzer

We consider a general class of two-stage distributionally robust optimization (DRO) problems where the ambiguity set is constrained by fixed marginal probability laws that are not necessarily discrete. We derive primal and dual formulations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-17 Ariel Neufeld , Qikun Xiang

Combinatorial optimisation problems framed as mixed integer linear programmes (MILPs) are ubiquitous across a range of real-world applications. The canonical branch-and-bound algorithm seeks to exactly solve MILPs by constructing a search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Christopher W. F. Parsonson , Alexandre Laterre , Thomas D. Barrett

We present strong mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulations for high-dimensional piecewise linear functions that correspond to trained neural networks. These formulations can be used for a number of important tasks, such as verifying…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-23 Ross Anderson , Joey Huchette , Will Ma , Christian Tjandraatmadja , Juan Pablo Vielma

Binary optimization is a powerful tool for modeling combinatorial problems, yet scalable and theoretically sound solution methods remain elusive. Conventional solvers often rely on heuristic strategies with weak guarantees or struggle with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Wenbo Liu , Akang Wang , Dun Ma , Hongyi Jiang , Jianghua Wu , Wenguo Yang

This paper studies the joint optimization of edge node activation and resource pricing in edge computing, where an edge computing platform provides heterogeneous resources to accommodate multiple services with diverse preferences. We cast…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-15 Duong Thuy Anh Nguyen , Tarannum Nisha , Ni Trieu , Duong Tung Nguyen

This work introduces a transformation-based learner model for classification forests. The weak learner at each split node plays a crucial role in a classification tree. We propose to optimize the splitting objective by learning a linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-02-07 Qiang Qiu , Guillermo Sapiro

Tree search algorithms, such as branch-and-bound, are the most widely used tools for solving combinatorial and nonconvex problems. For example, they are the foremost method for solving (mixed) integer programs and constraint satisfaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Maria-Florina Balcan , Travis Dick , Tuomas Sandholm , Ellen Vitercik

Cutting planes are essential for solving mixed-integer linear problems (MILPs), because they facilitate bound improvements on the optimal solution value. For selecting cuts, modern solvers rely on manually designed heuristics that are tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Max B. Paulus , Giulia Zarpellon , Andreas Krause , Laurent Charlin , Chris J. Maddison

Bilevel programs (BPs) find a wide range of applications in fields such as energy, transportation, and machine learning. As compared to BPs with continuous (linear/convex) optimization problems in both levels, the BPs with discrete decision…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

Current state-of-the-art methods for solving discrete optimization problems are usually restricted to convex settings. In this paper, we propose a general approach based on cutting planes for solving nonlinear, possibly nonconvex, binary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-21 Hoa T. Bui , Qun Lin , Ryan Loxton

Tree ensembles are very popular machine learning models, known for their effectiveness in supervised classification and regression tasks. Their performance derives from aggregating predictions of multiple decision trees, which are renowned…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Lorenzo Bonasera , Emilio Carrizosa

We present a class of linear programming approximations for constrained optimization problems. In the case of mixed-integer polynomial optimization problems, if the intersection graph of the constraints has bounded tree-width our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-10-20 Daniel Bienstock , Gonzalo Munoz