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Search clarification has recently attracted much attention due to its applications in search engines. It has also been recognized as a major component in conversational information seeking systems. Despite its importance, the research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Hamed Zamani , Gord Lueck , Everest Chen , Rodolfo Quispe , Flint Luu , Nick Craswell

The effectiveness of clarification question models in engaging users within search systems is currently constrained, casting doubt on their overall usefulness. To improve the performance of these models, it is crucial to employ assessment…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Leila Tavakoli , Johanne R. Trippas , Hamed Zamani , Falk Scholer , Mark Sanderson

This study is the first attempt to explore the impact of clarification question modality on user preference in search engines. We introduce the multi-modal search clarification dataset, MIMICS-MM, containing clarification questions with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Leila Tavakoli , Giovanni Castiglia , Federica Calo , Yashar Deldjoo , Hamed Zamani , Johanne R. Trippas

Users often fail to formulate their complex information needs in a single query. As a consequence, they may need to scan multiple result pages or reformulate their queries, which may be a frustrating experience. Alternatively, systems can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Mohammad Aliannejadi , Hamed Zamani , Fabio Crestani , W. Bruce Croft

Asking clarifying questions in response to search queries has been recognized as a useful technique for revealing the underlying intent of the query. Clarification has applications in retrieval systems with different interfaces, from the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Hamed Zamani , Bhaskar Mitra , Everest Chen , Gord Lueck , Fernando Diaz , Paul N. Bennett , Nick Craswell , Susan T. Dumais

Ambiguous questions persist in open-domain question answering, because formulating a precise question with a unique answer is often challenging. Previously, Min et al. (2020) have tackled this issue by generating disambiguated questions for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Dongryeol Lee , Segwang Kim , Minwoo Lee , Hwanhee Lee , Joonsuk Park , Sang-Woo Lee , Kyomin Jung

In mixed-initiative conversational search systems, clarifying questions are used to help users who struggle to express their intentions in a single query. These questions aim to uncover user's information needs and resolve query…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Yifei Yuan , Clemencia Siro , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke , Wai Lam

Search and recommender systems that take the initiative to ask clarifying questions to better understand users' information needs are receiving increasing attention from the research community. However, to the best of our knowledge, there…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Jie Zou , Evangelos Kanoulas , Yiqun Liu

Enabling open-domain dialogue systems to ask clarifying questions when appropriate is an important direction for improving the quality of the system response. Namely, for cases when a user request is not specific enough for a conversation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mohammad Aliannejadi , Julia Kiseleva , Aleksandr Chuklin , Jeffrey Dalton , Mikhail Burtsev

Conversational query clarification enables users to refine their search queries through interactive dialogue, improving search effectiveness. Traditional approaches rely on text-based clarifying questions, which often fail to capture…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Kimia Ramezan , Alireza Amiri Bavandpour , Yifei Yuan , Clemencia Siro , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Clarifying the underlying user information need by asking clarifying questions is an important feature of modern conversational search system. However, evaluation of such systems through answering prompted clarifying questions requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Ivan Sekulić , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

We deal with the scenario of conversational search, where user queries are under-specified or ambiguous. This calls for a mixed-initiative setup. User-asks (queries) and system-answers, as well as system-asks (clarification questions) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yosi Mass , Doron Cohen , Asaf Yehudai , David Konopnicki

Users often have trouble formulating their information needs into words on the first try when searching online. This can lead to frustration, as they may have to reformulate their queries when retrieved information is not relevant. This can…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Pierre Erbacher , Laure Soulier

In exploratory search, users often submit vague queries to investigate unfamiliar topics, but receive limited feedback about how the search engine understood their input. This leads to a self-reinforcing cycle of mismatched results and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Yumeng Wang , Xiuying Chen , Suzan Verberne

Clarification is increasingly becoming a vital factor in various topics of information retrieval, such as conversational search and modern Web search engines. Prompting the user for clarification in a search session can be very beneficial…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Ivan Sekulić , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Recent research on conversational search highlights the importance of mixed-initiative in conversations. To enable mixed-initiative, the system should be able to ask clarifying questions to the user. However, the ability of the underlying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Antonios Minas Krasakis , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Nikos Voskarides , Evangelos Kanoulas

Conversational search systems increasingly employ clarifying questions to refine user queries and improve the search experience. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of text-based clarifying questions in enhancing both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Yifei Yuan , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke

In conversational search, agents can interact with users by asking clarifying questions to increase their chance to find better results. Many recent works and shared tasks in both NLP and IR communities have focused on identifying the need…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Zhenduo Wang , Qingyao Ai

Users of search-augmented LLMs rely on citations as evidence that responses are grounded in real sources, and rarely verify the cited pages themselves. Millions of queries per day now pass through these systems, making citation quality a…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongsik Seo , Wooseok Jeong , Eunyoung Kim , Hyeonseo Jang , Dongha Lee

To improve online search results, clarification questions can be used to elucidate the information need of the user. This research aims to predict the user engagement with the clarification pane as an indicator of relevance based on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Tom Lotze , Stefan Klut , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Evangelos Kanoulas
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