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Modelling student knowledge is a key challenge when leveraging AI in education, with major implications for personalised learning. The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task aims to predict how students will respond to educational questions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Max Norris , Kobi Gal , Sahan Bulathwela

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the task of using students' historical learning interaction data to model their knowledge mastery over time so as to make predictions on their future interaction performance. Recently, remarkable progress has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Jiliang Tang , Weiqi Luo

Open-ended coding tasks, which ask students to construct programs according to certain specifications, are common in computer science education. Student modeling can be challenging since their open-ended nature means that student code can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zhangqi Duan , Nigel Fernandez , Alexander Hicks , Andrew Lan

Teaching plays a fundamental role in human learning. Typically, a human teaching strategy would involve assessing a student's knowledge progress for tailoring the teaching materials in a way that enhances the learning progress. A human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Personalized adaptive learning (PAL) stands out by closely monitoring individual students' progress and tailoring their learning paths to their unique knowledge and needs. A crucial technique for effective PAL implementation is knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Ming-Mu Kuo , Xiangfang Li , Lijun Qian , Pamela Obiomon , Xishuang Dong

Humans ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the teaching on students needs. With the rise of online education…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang , Bernardo Pereira Nunes

In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning. However, due to data bias, $\textit{i.e.}$, the unbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

The training of artificial neural networks is heavily dependent on the careful selection of an appropriate loss function. While commonly used loss functions, such as cross-entropy and mean squared error (MSE), generally suffice for a broad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Altun Shukurlu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a task of tracing evolving knowledge state of students with respect to one or more concepts as they engage in a sequence of learning activities. One important purpose of KT is to personalize the practice sequence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Jiani Zhang , Xingjian Shi , Irwin King , Dit-Yan Yeung

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in predicting students' future performance by analyzing their historical learning processes. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown great potential in solving the KT problem. However, there still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hengyuan Zhang , Zitao Liu , Chenming Shang , Dawei Li , Yong Jiang

With the rapid development of online education system, knowledge tracing which aims at predicting students' knowledge state is becoming a critical and fundamental task in personalized education. Traditionally, existing methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Song Cheng , Qi Liu , Enhong Chen

Emerging Knowledge Tracing (KT) models, particularly deep learning and attention-based Knowledge Tracing, have shown great potential in realizing personalized learning analysis via prediction of students' future performance based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Shubham Kose , Jin Wei-Kocsis

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in intelligent education, focusing on predicting students' performance on given questions to trace their evolving knowledge. The advancement of deep learning in this field has led to deep-learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Bo Jiang , Wei Zhang

Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) models student learning behavior by using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to predict future performance based on historical interaction data. However, the original implementation relied on standard RNNs in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Altun Shukurlu

Student assessment is one of the most fundamental tasks in the field of AI Education (AIEd). One of the most common approach to student assessment is Knowledge Tracing (KT), which evaluates a student's knowledge state by predicting whether…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Suyeong An , Junghoon Kim , Minsam Kim , Juneyoung Park

Predicting future student responses to questions is particularly valuable for educational learning platforms where it enables effective interventions. One of the key approaches to do this has been through the use of knowledge tracing (KT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Prarthana Bhattacharyya , Joshua Mitton , Ralph Abboud , Simon Woodhead

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate a student's evolving knowledge state and predict their performance on new exercises based on performance history. Many realistic classroom settings for KT are typically low-resource in data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Yang Zhang , Xuechen Liu , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang

In educational applications, Knowledge Tracing (KT), the problem of accurately predicting students' responses to future questions by summarizing their knowledge states, has been widely studied for decades as it is considered a fundamental…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Yuhao Zhou , Xihua Li , Yunbo Cao , Xuemin Zhao , Qing Ye , Jiancheng Lv