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A crucial subroutine in quantum computing is to load the classical data of $N$ complex numbers into the amplitude of a superposed $n=\lceil \log_2N\rceil$-qubit state. It has been proven that any algorithm universally implementing this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-13 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Man-Hong Yung , Xiao Yuan

Though there has been substantial progress in developing quantum algorithms to study classical datasets, the cost of simply \textit{loading} classical data is an obstacle to quantum advantage. When the amplitude encoding is used, loading an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-29 Raghav Jumade , Nicolas PD Sawaya

The theory of quantum algorithms promises unprecedented benefits of harnessing the laws of quantum mechanics for solving certain computational problems. A persistent obstacle to using such algorithms for solving a wide range of real-world…

Quantum algorithms claim significant speedup over their classical counterparts for solving many problems. An important aspect of many of these algorithms is the existence of a quantum oracle, which needs to be implemented efficiently in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-04 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay

Block-encoding is a critical subroutine in quantum computing, enabling the transformation of classical data into a matrix representation within a quantum circuit. The resource trade-offs in simulating a block-encoding can be quantified by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-09 Zexian Li , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Chunlin Yang , Guofeng Zhang

Classical data encoding is usually treated as a black-box in the oracle-based quantum algorithms. On the other hand, their constructions are crucial for practical algorithm implementations. Here, we open the black-boxes of data encoding and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan

We present an improved version of a quantum amplitude encoding scheme that encodes the $N$ entries of a unit classical vector $\vec{v}=(v_1,..,v_N)$ into the amplitudes of a quantum state. Our approach has a quadratic speed-up with respect…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Vittorio Pagni , Sigurd Huber , Michael Epping , Michael Felderer

We introduce and analyse the problem of encoding classical information into different resources of a quantum state. More precisely, we consider a general class of communication scenarios characterised by encoding operations that commute…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-08 Kamil Korzekwa , Zbigniew Puchała , Marco Tomamichel , Karol Życzkowski

For many practical applications of quantum computing, the most costly steps involve coherently accessing classical data. We help address this challenge by applying mass production techniques, which can reduce the cost of applying an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 William J. Huggins , Tanuj Khattar , Nathan Wiebe

Quantum state preparation, also known as encoding or embedding, is a crucial initial step in many quantum algorithms and often constrains theoretical quantum speedup in fields such as quantum machine learning and linear equation solvers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 Vittorio Pagni , Gary Schmiedinghoff , Kevin Lively , Michael Epping , Michael Felderer

Quantum machine learning (QML) is emerging as an application of quantum computing with the potential to deliver quantum advantage, but its realisation for practical applications remains impeded by challenges. Amongst those, a key barrier is…

Quantum algorithms offer significant speed-ups over their classical counterparts in various applications. In this paper, we develop quantum algorithms for the Kalman filter widely used in classical control engineering using the block…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Hao Shi , Guofeng Zhang , Ming Zhang

A prerequisite for many quantum information processing tasks to truly surpass classical approaches is an efficient procedure to encode classical data in quantum superposition states. In this work, we present a circuit-based flip-flop…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-18 Daniel K. Park , Francesco Petruccione , June-Koo Kevin Rhee

Finding the minimum value in an unordered database is a common and fundamental task in computer science. However, the optimal classical deterministic algorithm can find the minimum value with a time complexity that grows linearly with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-13 Anton S. Albino , Lucas Q. Galvão , Ethan Hansen , Mauro Q. Nooblath Neto , Clebson Cruz

Along with the development of quantum technology, finding useful applications of quantum computers has been a central pursuit. Despite various quantum algorithms have been developed, many of them often require strong input assumptions,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Nhat A. Nghiem

The development of quantum computers has been the stimulus that enables the realization of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), an area that integrates the calculational framework of quantum mechanics with the adaptive properties of classical…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Bhavna Bose , Saurav Verma

We present a protocol for encoding $N$ real numbers stored in $N$ memory registers into the amplitudes of the quantum superposition that describes the state of $\log_2N$ qubits. This task is one of the main steps in quantum machine learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-07 Sahel Ashhab

Efficient encoding of classical data into quantum circuits is a critical challenge that directly impacts the scalability of quantum algorithms. In this work, we present an automated compilation framework for resource-aware quantum data…

Random quantum circuits have played a central role in establishing the computational advantages of near-term quantum computers over their conventional counterparts. Here, we use ensembles of low-depth random circuits with local connectivity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Michael J. Gullans , Stefan Krastanov , David A. Huse , Liang Jiang , Steven T. Flammia

Given the success of deep learning in classical machine learning, quantum algorithms for traditional neural network architectures may provide one of the most promising settings for quantum machine learning. Considering a fully-connected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-21 Alexander Zlokapa , Hartmut Neven , Seth Lloyd
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