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Explaining the foundations for predictions obtained from graph neural networks (GNNs) is critical for credible use of GNN models for real-world problems. Owing to the rapid growth of GNN applications, recent progress in explaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Hyeoncheol Cho , Youngrock Oh , Eunjoo Jeon

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become a building block in graph data processing, with wide applications in critical domains. The growing needs to deploy GNNs in high-stakes applications necessitate explainability for users in the…

Similarly to other connectionist models, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) lack transparency in their decision-making. A number of sub-symbolic approaches have been developed to provide insights into the GNN decision making process. These are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Anna Himmelhuber , Stephan Grimm , Sonja Zillner , Mitchell Joblin , Martin Ringsquandl , Thomas Runkler

As post hoc explanations are increasingly used to understand the behavior of graph neural networks (GNNs), it becomes crucial to evaluate the quality and reliability of GNN explanations. However, assessing the quality of GNN explanations is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Chirag Agarwal , Owen Queen , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Marinka Zitnik

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used for modelling graph-structured data in numerous applications. However, with their inherently finite aggregation layers, existing GNN models may not be able to effectively capture long-range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Juncheng Liu , Kenji Kawaguchi , Bryan Hooi , Yiwei Wang , Xiaokui Xiao

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used for node classification, yet their opaque decision-making limits trust and adoption. While local explanations offer insights into individual predictions, global explanation methods, those that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Burouj Armgaan , Eshan Jain , Harsh Pandey , Mahesh Chandran , Sayan Ranu

We investigate the explainability of graph neural networks (GNNs) as a step toward elucidating their working mechanisms. While most current methods focus on explaining graph nodes, edges, or features, we argue that, as the inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Shurui Gui , Hao Yuan , Jie Wang , Qicheng Lao , Kang Li , Shuiwang Ji

In this paper, we investigate the degree of explainability of graph neural networks (GNNs). Existing explainers work by finding global/local subgraphs to explain a prediction, but they are applied after a GNN has already been trained. Here,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Indro Spinelli , Simone Scardapane , Aurelio Uncini

Explaining Graph Neural Networks predictions to end users of AI applications in easily understandable terms remains an unsolved problem. In particular, we do not have well developed methods for automatically evaluating explanations, in ways…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Vanya BK , Balaji Ganesan , Aniket Saxena , Devbrat Sharma , Arvind Agarwal

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have proven their efficacy in a variety of real-world applications, but their underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. To address this challenge and enable reliable decision-making, many GNN explainers have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Yifei Dong , Niusha Shafiabady , Fang Chen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for conducting inference on graph data but are often seen as "black boxes" due to difficulty in extracting meaningful subnetworks driving predictive performance. Many interpretable GNN methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-17 Whitney Sloneker , Shalin Patel , Michael Wang , Lorin Crawford , Ritambhara Singh

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a popular class of machine learning models. Inspired by the learning to explain (L2X) paradigm, we propose L2XGNN, a framework for explainable GNNs which provides faithful explanations by design. L2XGNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Giuseppe Serra , Mathias Niepert

With the growing use of deep learning methods, particularly graph neural networks, which encode intricate interconnectedness information, for a variety of real tasks, there is a necessity for explainability in such settings. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Harsh Patel , Shivam Sahni

Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multiple etiologies, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and vascular dementia. Its clinical and biological heterogeneity makes diagnosis and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Niharika Tewari , Nguyen Linh Dan Le , Mujie Liu , Jing Ren , Ziqi Xu , Tabinda Sarwar , Veeky Baths , Feng Xia

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as the predominant approach for learning over graph-structured data. However, most GNNs operate as black-box models and require post-hoc explanations, which may not suffice in high-stakes scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Maya Bechler-Speicher , Amir Globerson , Ran Gilad-Bachrach

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful model to capture critical graph patterns. Instead of treating them as black boxes in an end-to-end fashion, attempts are arising to explain the model behavior. Existing works mainly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yi Nian , Yurui Chang , Wei Jin , Lu Lin

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI) has the potential to enhance the transparency and trust of AI-based systems. Although accurate predictions can be made using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), the process used to arrive at such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Bhushan Atote , Victor Sanchez

Real data collected from different applications that have additional topological structures and connection information are amenable to be represented as a weighted graph. Considering the node labeling problem, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs)…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Xiaoxiao Li , Joao Saude

Explainability is crucial for the application of black-box Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in critical fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, and more. Various feature attribution methods, especially the perturbation-based methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Xingping Xian , Jianlu Liu , Chao Wang , Tao Wu , Shaojie Qiao , Xiaochuan Tang , Qun Liu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance on many tasks, but this often requires increasingly larger model sizes, which in turn leads to more complex internal representations. Explainability techniques (XAI) have made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Tom Pelletreau-Duris , Ruud van Bakel , Michael Cochez