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Quantum error correction is a fundamental primitive of fault-tolerant quantum computing. But in order for error correction to proceed, one must first prepare the codespace of the underlying error-correcting code. A popular method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Yifan Hong

A crucial insight for practical quantum error correction is that different types of errors, such as single-qubit Pauli operators, typically occur with different probabilities. Finding an optimal quantum code under such biased noise is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Junyu Fan , Matthew Steinberg , Alexander Jahn , Chunjun Cao , Sebastian Feld

Color codes present distinct advantages for fault-tolerant quantum computing, such as high encoding rates and the transversal implementation of Clifford gates. However, existing matching-based decoders for the color codes such as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Yantong Liu , Junjie Wu , Lingling Lao

In this work, we develop an efficient decoding method for graph codes, a class of stabilizer quantum error-correcting codes constructed from graph states. While optimal decoding is generally NP-hard, we propose a faster decoder exploiting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Nirupam Basak , Goutam Paul

Topological codes have many desirable properties that allow fault-tolerant quantum computation with relatively low overhead. A core challenge for these codes, however, is to achieve a low-overhead universal gate set with limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Julio C. Magdalena de la Fuente , Noa Feldman , Jens Eisert , Andreas Bauer

We present a scheme for encoding and decoding an unknown state for CSS codes, based on syndrome measurements. We illustrate our method by means of Kitaev toric code, defected-lattice code, topological subsystem code and Haah 3D code. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Justyna Łodyga , Paweł Mazurek , Andrzej Grudka , Michał Horodecki

We show how a hyperbolic surface code could be used for overhead-efficient quantum storage. We give numerical evidence for a noise threshold of 1.3% for the {4,5}-hyperbolic surface code in a phenomenological noise model (as compared to…

Conventional quantum error correcting codes require multiple rounds of measurements to detect errors with enough confidence in fault-tolerant scenarios. Here I show that for suitable topological codes a single round of local measurements is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-13 H. Bombin

A common approach to studying the performance of quantum error correcting codes is to assume independent and identically distributed single-qubit errors. However, the available experimental data shows that realistic errors in modern…

We show that belief propagation combined with ordered statistics post-processing is a general decoder for quantum low density parity check codes constructed from the hypergraph product. To this end, we run numerical simulations of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 Joschka Roffe , David R. White , Simon Burton , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum error correction is indispensable to achieving reliable quantum computation. When quantum information is encoded redundantly, a larger Hilbert space is constructed using multiple physical qubits, and the computation is performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

The low coding rate of quantum stabilizer codes results in formidable physical qubit overhead when realizing quantum error correcting in engineering. In this letter, we propose a new class of hypergraph-product code called…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-19 Zhengzhong Yi , Zhipeng Liang , Jiahan Chen , Zicheng Wang , Xuan Wang

We describe a computationally-efficient heuristic algorithm based on a renormalization-group procedure which aims at solving the problem of finding minimal surface given its boundary (curve) in any hypercubic lattice of dimension $D>2$. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-19 Kasper Duivenvoorden , Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Barbara M. Terhal

Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological codes, such as the toric code, offer hardware-efficient architectures but their Tanner graphs contain many girth-4 cycles that degrade the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Luca Menti , Francisco Lázaro

Quantum error correction, which utilizes logical qubits that are encoded as redundant multiple physical qubits to find and correct errors in physical qubits, is indispensable for practical quantum computing. Surface code is considered to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

Quantum error correction is crucial for scalable quantum information processing applications. Traditional discrete-variable quantum codes that use multiple two-level systems to encode logical information can be hardware-intensive. An…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Lucas Berent , Timo Hillmann , Jens Eisert , Robert Wille , Joschka Roffe

Code-switching is a powerful technique in quantum error correction that allows one to leverage the complementary strengths of different codes to achieve fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. However, existing code-switching…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Yifan Hong , Ting-Chun Lin , Michael J. Gullans , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

We construct a new subsystem code in three dimensions that exhibits single-shot error correction in a user-friendly and transparent way. As this code is a subsystem version of coupled toric codes, we call it the intertwined toric code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Charles Stahl

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

Quantum error correcting codes protect quantum information, allowing for large quantum computations provided that physical error rates are sufficiently low. We combine post-selection with surface code error correction through the use of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Samuel C. Smith , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett