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Sequential recommendation tasks, which aim to predict the next item a user will interact with, typically rely on models trained solely on historical data. However, in real-world scenarios, user behavior can fluctuate in the long interaction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zhaoqi Yang , Yanan Wang , Yong Ge

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a trained classifier using online unlabeled test data only, without any information related to the training procedure. Most existing TTA methods adapt the trained classifier using the classifier's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Minguk Jang , Sae-Young Chung , Hye Won Chung

Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts for streaming test data in unsupervised settings. Currently, most TTA methods can only deal with minor shifts and rely heavily on heuristic and empirical studies. To advance TTA under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Shuiwang Ji

Test-Time Compute (TTC) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) at inference, leveraging strategies such as Test-Time Training (TTT) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 J. Pablo Muñoz , Jinjie Yuan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique aimed at enhancing the generalization performance of models by leveraging unlabeled samples solely during prediction. Given the need for robustness in neural network systems when faced with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Yongcan Yu , Lijun Sheng , Ran He , Jian Liang

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt pre-trained deep neural networks using solely online unlabelled test data during inference. Although TTA has shown promise in visual applications, its potential in time series contexts remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Peiliang Gong , Mohamed Ragab , Min Wu , Zhenghua Chen , Yongyi Su , Xiaoli Li , Daoqiang Zhang

Given a model trained on source data, Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables adaptation and inference in test data streams with domain shifts from the source. Current methods predominantly optimize the model for each incoming test data batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ziqiang Wang , Zhixiang Chi , Yanan Wu , Li Gu , Zhi Liu , Konstantinos Plataniotis , Yang Wang

The remarkable progress in deep learning (DL) showcases outstanding results in various computer vision tasks. However, adaptation to real-time variations in data distributions remains an important challenge. Test-Time Training (TTT) was…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Marco Colussi , Sergio Mascetti , Jose Dolz , Christian Desrosiers

Training on test-time data enables deep learning models to adapt to dynamic environmental changes, enhancing their practical applicability. Online adaptation from source to target domains is promising but it remains highly reliant on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jisu Han , Jihee Park , Dongyoon Han , Wonjun Hwang

We study the problem of continual test-time adaption where the goal is to adapt a source pre-trained model to a sequence of unlabelled target domains at test time. Existing methods on test-time training suffer from several limitations: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kien X. Nguyen , Fengchun Qiao , Xi Peng

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee

We consider the problem of improving the human instance segmentation mask quality for a given test image using keypoints estimation. We compare two alternative approaches. The first approach is a test-time adaptation (TTA) method, where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Kambiz Azarian , Debasmit Das , Hyojin Park , Fatih Porikli

Encountering shifted data at test time is a ubiquitous challenge when deploying predictive models. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods address this issue by continuously adapting a deployed model using only unlabeled test data. While TTA can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mona Schirmer , Metod Jazbec , Christian A. Naesseth , Eric Nalisnick

Adapting a trained model to perform satisfactorily on continually changing testing domains/environments is an important and challenging task. In this work, we propose a novel framework, SATA, which aims to satisfy the following…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Goirik Chakrabarty , Manogna Sreenivas , Soma Biswas

This paper introduces a novel application of Test-Time Training (TTT) for Speech Enhancement, addressing the challenges posed by unpredictable noise conditions and domain shifts. This method combines a main speech enhancement task with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Avishkar Behera , Riya Ann Easow , Venkatesh Parvathala , K. Sri Rama Murty

Generalizing deep learning models to unknown target domain distribution with low latency has motivated research into test-time training/adaptation (TTT/TTA). Existing approaches often focus on improving test-time training performance under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Yushu Li , Xun Xu , Yongyi Su , Kui Jia

Domain adaptation helps generalizing object detection models to target domain data with distribution shift. It is often achieved by adapting with access to the whole target domain data. In a more realistic scenario, target distribution is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Yijin Chen , Xun Xu , Yongyi Su , Kui Jia

Unsupervised tabular anomaly detection methods typically learn feature patterns from normal samples during training and subsequently identify samples that deviate from these patterns as anomalies during testing. However, in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Huang , Hezhe Qiao , Kailai Zhang , Zaisheng Ye , Yu-Ming Shang , Xiangling Fu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui