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Word embedding algorithms produce very reliable feature representations of words that are used by neural network models across a constantly growing multitude of NLP tasks. As such, it is imperative for NLP practitioners to understand how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Kian Kenyon-Dean

This is an experiential study of investigating a consistent method for deriving the correlation between sentence vector and semantic meaning of a sentence. We first used three state-of-the-art word/sentence embedding methods including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Tianyi Sun , Bradley Nelson

Contrastive learning has proven to be an effective method for pre-training models using weakly labeled data in the vision domain. Sentence transformers are the NLP counterparts to this architecture, and have been growing in popularity due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Tanmay Chavan , Shantanu Patankar , Aditya Kane , Omkar Gokhale , Geetanjali Kale , Raviraj Joshi

Understanding the meaning of words is crucial for many tasks that involve human-machine interaction. This has been tackled by research in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field. Recently, WSD and many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 María G. Buey , Carlos Bobed , Jorge Gracia , Eduardo Mena

Phrase representations derived from BERT often do not exhibit complex phrasal compositionality, as the model relies instead on lexical similarity to determine semantic relatedness. In this paper, we propose a contrastive fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Shufan Wang , Laure Thompson , Mohit Iyyer

An important challenge for human-like AI is compositional semantics. Recent research has attempted to address this by using deep neural networks to learn vector space embeddings of sentences, which then serve as input to other tasks. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Ishita Dasgupta , Demi Guo , Andreas Stuhlmüller , Samuel J. Gershman , Noah D. Goodman

Pre-trained models (PTMs) have shown great promise in the speech and audio domain. Embeddings leveraged from these models serve as inputs for learning algorithms with applications in various downstream tasks. One such crucial task is Speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-25 Orchid Chetia Phukan , Arun Balaji Buduru , Rajesh Sharma

Learning sentence embeddings is a fundamental problem in natural language processing. While existing research primarily focuses on enhancing the quality of sentence embeddings, the exploration of sentence embedding dimensions is limited.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Hongwei Wang , Hongming Zhang , Dong Yu

Although software developers of mHealth apps are responsible for protecting patient data and adhering to strict privacy and security requirements, many of them lack awareness of HIPAA regulations and struggle to distinguish between HIPAA…

Accurate alignment of items to content standards is critical for valid score interpretation in large-scale assessments. This study evaluates three automated paradigms for aligning items with four domain and nineteen skill labels. First, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Qingshu Xu , Hong Jiao , Tianyi Zhou , Ming Li , Nan Zhang , Sydney Peters , Yanbin Fu

Measuring similarity between training examples is critical for curating high-quality and diverse pretraining datasets for language models. However, similarity is typically computed with a generic off-the-shelf embedding model that has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Dylan Sam , Ayan Chakrabarti , Afshin Rostamizadeh , Srikumar Ramalingam , Gui Citovsky , Sanjiv Kumar

Jina Embeddings constitutes a set of high-performance sentence embedding models adept at translating textual inputs into numerical representations, capturing the semantics of the text. These models excel in applications like dense retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Michael Günther , Louis Milliken , Jonathan Geuter , Georgios Mastrapas , Bo Wang , Han Xiao

Pre-trained language models such as BERT have been proved to be powerful in many natural language processing tasks. But in some text classification applications such as emotion recognition and sentiment analysis, BERT may not lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zixiao Zhu , Kezhi Mao

Word embeddings and convolutional neural networks (CNN) have attracted extensive attention in various classification tasks for Twitter, e.g. sentiment classification. However, the effect of the configuration used to train and generate the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Xiao Yang , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

Text anomaly detection is a critical task in natural language processing (NLP), with applications spanning fraud detection, misinformation identification, spam detection and content moderation, etc. Despite significant advances in large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Feng Xiao , Jicong Fan

Word embeddings have been shown to benefit from ensambling several word embedding sources, often carried out using straightforward mathematical operations over the set of word vectors. More recently, self-supervised learning has been used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-27 James O' Neill , Danushka Bollegala

Sentence encoders, which produce sentence embeddings using neural networks, are typically evaluated by how well they transfer to downstream tasks. This includes semantic similarity, an important task in natural language understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Li Zhang , Steven R. Wilson , Rada Mihalcea

In this paper, we propose a method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. While the problem of securing word-level embeddings is very well studied, we propose a novel method for obtaining sentence-level embeddings. This is obtained by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Badri N. Patro , Vinod K. Kurmi , Sandeep Kumar , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Recently, there has been growing interest in the ability of Transformer-based models to produce meaningful embeddings of text with several applications, such as text similarity. Despite significant progress in the field, the explanations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Itzik Malkiel , Dvir Ginzburg , Oren Barkan , Avi Caciularu , Jonathan Weill , Noam Koenigstein

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu