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We show that rejection of local realism in quantum mechanics can be tested by Bell-type inequalities for two observers and low-order moments of continuous and unbounded observables. We prove that one requires three observables for each…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-11 Adam Bednorz

When comparing quantum states to each other, it is possible to obtain an unambiguous answer, indicating that the states are definitely different, already after a single measurement. In this paper we investigate comparison of coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Erika Andersson , Marcos Curty , Igor Jex

This expository article gives an overview of the theory of hypothesis testing of quantum states in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Optimal measurement strategy for testing binary quantum hypotheses, which result in minimum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 J. Prabhu Tej , Syed Raunaq Ahmed , A. R. Usha Devi , A. K. Rajagopal

A difficulty in quantum logic is the well-known arbitrariness in choosing a binary operation for conditional among three principal candidates called the Sasaki, the contrapositive Sasaki, and the relevance conditional, mainly chosen from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Masanao Ozawa

Sequential methods for quantum hypothesis testing offer significant advantages over fixed-length approaches, which rely on a predefined number of state copies. Despite their potential, these methods remain underexplored for unambiguous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Jordi Pérez-Guijarro , Alba Pagès-Zamora , Javier R. Fonollosa

Detecting the presence of multiple incoherent sources is a fundamental and challenging task for quantum imaging, especially within sub-Rayleigh region. In this paper, the discrimination of one-versus-two point-like incoherent sources in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Jian-Dong Zhang , Mei-Ming Zhang , Chuang Li , Shuai Wang

Whether the complex numbers of standard quantum theory are experimentally indispensable has remained open for decades. Real quantum theory (RQT), obtained by replacing complex amplitudes with real ones while retaining the usual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Timothée Hoffreumon , Mischa P. Woods

The purpose of this paper is to formalize the concept that best synthesizes our intuitive understanding of quantum mechanics -- that the information carried by a system is limited -- and, from this principle, to construct the foundations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Paolo Ferro

In this paper, epistemology and ontology of quantum states are discussed based on a completely new way of founding quantum theory. The fundamental notions are conceptual variables in the mind of an observer or in the joint minds of a group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Inge S. Helland

The only evidence we have for a discrete reality comes from quantum measurements; without invoking these measurements, quantum theory describes continuous entities. This seeming contradiction can be resolved via analysis that treats…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-08 Ken Wharton

This paper presents a philosophically realistic analysis of quantization, field-particle duality, superposition, entanglement, nonlocality, and measurement. These are logically related: Realistically understanding measurement depends on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-30 Art Hobson

This paper compares the proposal made in previous papers for a quantum probability distribution of the time of arrival at a certain point with the corresponding proposal based on the probability current density. Quantitative differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Delgado

Quantum state elimination measurements tell us what states a quantum system does not have. This is different from state discrimination, where one tries to determine what the state of a quantum system is, rather than what it is not. Apart…

Entanglement, or quantum inseparability, is a crucial resource in quantum information applications, and therefore the experimental generation of separated yet entangled systems is of paramount importance. Experimental demonstrations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. G. Raymer , A. C. Funk , B. C. Sanders , H. de Guise

The concept of entanglement and separability of quantum states is relevant for several fields in physics. Still, there is a lack of effective operational methods to characterise these features. We propose a method to certify quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-06 Ties-A. Ohst , Xiao-Dong Yu , Otfried Gühne , H. Chau Nguyen

Suppose one has access to oracles generating samples from two unknown probability distributions P and Q on some N-element set. How many samples does one need to test whether the two distributions are close or far from each other in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-01 Sergey Bravyi , Aram W. Harrow , Avinatan Hassidim

Quantum hypothesis testing is a central task in the entire field of quantum information theory. Understanding its ultimate limits will give insight into a wide range of quantum protocols and applications, from sensing to communication.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-18 Quntao Zhuang , Stefano Pirandola

We realized the most fundamental quantum optical experiment to prove the non-classical character of light: Only a single quantum emitter and a single superconducting nanowire detector were used. A particular appeal of our experiment is its…

Quantum tomography is the main method used to assess the quality of quantum information processing devices, but its complexity presents a major obstacle for the characterization of even moderately large systems. The number of experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-19 Marcus P. da Silva , Olivier Landon-Cardinal , David Poulin

Quantum theory is a tremendously successful physical theory, but nevertheless suffers from two serious problems: the measurement problem and the problem of interpretational underdetermination. The latter, however, is largely overlooked as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Holger Lyre