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Ideally, what confuses neural network should be confusing to humans. However, recent experiments have shown that small, imperceptible perturbations can change the network prediction. To address this gap in perception, we propose a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Alexander Matyasko , Lap-Pui Chau

Any classifier can be "smoothed out" under Gaussian noise to build a new classifier that is provably robust to $\ell_2$-adversarial perturbations, viz., by averaging its predictions over the noise via randomized smoothing. Under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Jongheon Jeong , Seojin Kim , Jinwoo Shin

Recent works have brought attention to the vulnerability of Federated Learning (FL) systems to gradient leakage attacks. Such attacks exploit clients' uploaded gradients to reconstruct their sensitive data, thereby compromising the privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Mingyuan Fan , Cen Chen , Chengyu Wang , Xiaodan Li , Wenmeng Zhou

Adversarial noise introduces small perturbations in images, misleading deep learning models into misclassification and significantly impacting recognition accuracy. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Manish Kansana , Keyan Alexander Rahimi , Elias Hossain , Iman Dehzangi , Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz

The nonuniform and growing impact of adversarial noise across the layers of deep neural networks has been used in the literature, without a formal mathematical justification, to detect adversarial inputs and improve robustness. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Furkan Mumcu , Yasin Yilmaz

As we seek to deploy machine learning models beyond virtual and controlled domains, it is critical to analyze not only the accuracy or the fact that it works most of the time, but if such a model is truly robust and reliable. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Samuel Henrique Silva , Peyman Najafirad

Passwords remain one of the most common methods for securing sensitive data in the digital age. However, weak password choices continue to pose significant risks to data security and privacy. This study aims to solve the problem by focusing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Pappu Jha , Hanzla Hamid , Oluseyi Olukola , Ashim Dahal , Nick Rahimi

Despite remarkable achievements in deep learning across various domains, its inherent vulnerability to adversarial examples still remains a critical concern for practical deployment. Adversarial training has emerged as one of the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Junhao Dong , Xinghua Qu , Z. Jane Wang , Yew-Soon Ong

Robustness to adversarial attacks is typically obtained through expensive adversarial training with Projected Gradient Descent. Here we introduce ROPUST, a remarkably simple and efficient method to leverage robust pre-trained models and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Alessandro Cappelli , Julien Launay , Laurent Meunier , Ruben Ohana , Iacopo Poli

We propose gradient adversarial training, an auxiliary deep learning framework applicable to different machine learning problems. In gradient adversarial training, we leverage a prior belief that in many contexts, simultaneous gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Ayan Sinha , Zhao Chen , Vijay Badrinarayanan , Andrew Rabinovich

Neural networks are vulnerable to small adversarial perturbations. Existing literature largely focused on understanding and mitigating the vulnerability of learned models. In this paper, we demonstrate an intriguing phenomenon about the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-25 Gavin Weiguang Ding , Kry Yik Chau Lui , Xiaomeng Jin , Luyu Wang , Ruitong Huang

Federated learning is an established method for training machine learning models without sharing training data. However, recent work has shown that it cannot guarantee data privacy as shared gradients can still leak sensitive information.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Mislav Balunović , Dimitar I. Dimitrov , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Adversarial training is an effective methodology for training deep neural networks that are robust against adversarial, norm-bounded perturbations. However, the computational cost of adversarial training grows prohibitively as the size of…

Safe reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims to ensure policy performance while satisfying safety constraints. However, most existing Safe RL methods assume benign environments, making them vulnerable to adversarial perturbations commonly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jialiang Fan , Shixiong Jiang , Mengyu Liu , Fanxin Kong

Neural networks trained with standard objectives exhibit behaviors characteristic of probabilistic inference: soft clustering, prototype specialization, and Bayesian uncertainty tracking. These phenomena appear across architectures -- in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Alan Oursland

Batch normalization (batch norm) is often used in an attempt to stabilize and accelerate training in deep neural networks. In many cases it indeed decreases the number of parameter updates required to achieve low training error. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Angus Galloway , Anna Golubeva , Thomas Tanay , Medhat Moussa , Graham W. Taylor

Federated learning synchronizes models through gradient transmission and aggregation. However, these gradients pose significant privacy risks, as sensitive training data is embedded within them. Existing gradient inversion attacks suffer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jiayang Meng , Tao Huang , Hong Chen , Chen Hou , Guolong Zheng

Prompt injection attacks pose significant risks to language model safety, yet existing defenses are typically evaluated using classification performance. We show that high detection performance does not imply representational robustness.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Becky Mashaido , Tapadhir Das

In recent years, deep neural networks demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in a large variety of tasks and therefore have been adopted in many applications. On the other hand, the latest studies revealed that neural networks are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Jingyang Zhang , Hsin-Pai Cheng , Chunpeng Wu , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

Understanding the implicit bias of training algorithms is of crucial importance in order to explain the success of overparametrised neural networks. In this paper, we study the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent over diagonal linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Scott Pesme , Loucas Pillaud-Vivien , Nicolas Flammarion