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A practical quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol necessarily runs in finite time and, hence, only a finite amount of communication is exchanged. This is in contrast to most of the standard results on the security of QKD, which only hold…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-08 Valerio Scarani , Renato Renner

Motivated by the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol, introduced in 1984 in the seminal paper of Bennett and Brassard, we investigate in this paper the achievability of unconditionally secure password-authenticated quantum key exchange…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Céline Chevalier , Marc Kaplan , Quoc Huy Vu

The study of quantum information processing seeks to characterize the resources that enable quantum information processing to perform tasks that are unfeasible or inefficient for classical information processing. Quantum cryptography is one…

The importance of quantum key distribution as a cryptographic method depends upon its purported strong security guarantee. The following gives reasons on why such strong security guarantee has not been validly established and why good QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-23 Horace P. Yuen

Trust is the core building block of secure systems, and it is enforced through methods to ensure that a specific system is properly configured and works as expected. In this context, a Root of Trust (RoT) establishes a trusted environment,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Grazia D'Onghia , Antonio Lioy

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the best candidate for securing communications against attackers, who may in the future exploit quantum-enhanced computational powers to break classical encryption. As such, new challenges are arising from…

Post-quantum cryptography is essential for securing digital communications against threats posed by quantum computers. Re-searchers have focused on developing algorithms that can withstand attacks from both classical and quantum computers,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Juan Pedro Hecht , Hugo Daniel Scolnik

This survey is on forward-looking, emerging security concerns in post-quantum era, i.e., the implementation attacks for 2022 winners of NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) competition and thus the visions, insights, and discussions can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Alvaro Cintas Canto , Jasmin Kaur , Mehran Mozaffari Kermani , Reza Azarderakhsh

This study proposes a new lightweight quantum key distribution (LQKD) protocol based on the four-particle cluster state within a quantum-restricted environment. The protocol enables a quantum-capable user to simultaneously establish two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Mustapha Anis Younes , Sofia Zebboudj , Abdelhakim Gharbi

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote-control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components. While these communications enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-23 Adrien Green , Jeremy Lawrence , George Siopsis , Nicholas Peters , Ali Passian

The existing unconditional security definitions of quantum key distribution (QKD) do not apply to joint attacks over QKD and the subsequent use of the resulting key. In this paper, we close this potential security gap by using a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Ben-Or , Michal Horodecki , D. W. Leung , D. Mayers , J. Oppenheim

The security of conventional cryptography systems is threatened in the forthcoming era of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) features fundamentally proven security and offers a promising option for quantum-proof cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been researched for almost four decades and is currently making its way to commercial applications. However, deployment of the technology at scale is challenging, because of the very particular nature of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-08 Thomas Loruenser , Stephan Krenn , Christoph Pacher , Bernhard Schrenk

We present a new technique for proving the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. It is based on direct information-theoretic arguments and thus also applies if no equivalent entanglement purification scheme can be found.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 R. Renner , N. Gisin , B. Kraus

Barnum, Crepeau, Gottesman, Tapp, and Smith (quant-ph/0205128) proposed methods for authentication of quantum messages. The first method is an interactive protocol (TQA') based on teleportation. The second method is a noninteractive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-01 Patrick Hayden , Debbie W. Leung , Dominic Mayers

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows two users, one of whom is restricted in their quantum capabilities, to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this paper, we design a new SQKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Hasan Iqbal , Walter O. Krawec

Quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum message encryption protocols promise a secure way to distribute information while detecting eavesdropping. However, current protocols may suffer from significantly reduced eavesdropping protection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos , Kirby Linvill

In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) in a quantum network with both quantum repeaters and a small number of trusted nodes. In contrast to current QKD networks with only trusted nodes and the true Quantum Internet with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Victoria U. Manfredi , Bing Wang

Quantum key distribution protocols typically make use of a one-way quantum channel to distribute a shared secret string to two distant users. However, protocols exploiting a two-way quantum channel have been proposed as an alternative route…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-13 Normand J. Beaudry , Marco Lucamarini , Stefano Mancini , Renato Renner