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Multi-label learning in the presence of missing labels (MLML) is a challenging problem. Existing methods mainly focus on the design of network structures or training schemes, which increase the complexity of implementation. This work seeks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Youcai Zhang , Yuhao Cheng , Xinyu Huang , Fei Wen , Rui Feng , Yaqian Li , Yandong Guo

Partial Label Learning (PLL) is a typical weakly supervised learning task, which assumes each training instance is annotated with a set of candidate labels containing the ground-truth label. Recent PLL methods adopt identification-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Jiayu Hu , Senlin Shu , Beibei Li , Tao Xiang , Zhongshi He

In traditional multiple instance learning (MIL), both positive and negative bags are required to learn a prediction function. However, a high human cost is needed to know the label of each bag---positive or negative. Only positive bags…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Zhen Hu , Zhuyin Xue

Multi-label class-incremental learning (MLCIL) is essential for real-world multi-label applications, allowing models to learn new labels while retaining previously learned knowledge continuously. However, recent MLCIL approaches can only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Kaile Du , Yifan Zhou , Fan Lyu , Yuyang Li , Junzhou Xie , Yixi Shen , Fuyuan Hu , Guangcan Liu

Multi-annotator learning (MAL) aims to model annotator-specific labeling patterns. However, existing methods face a critical challenge: they simply skip updating annotator-specific model parameters when encountering missing labels, i.e., a…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Liyun Zhang , Zheng Lian , Hong Liu , Takanori Takebe , Yuta Nakashima

Complementary-label learning (CLL) is widely used in weakly supervised classification, but it faces a significant challenge in real-world datasets when confronted with class-imbalanced training samples. In such scenarios, the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Meng Wei , Yong Zhou , Zhongnian Li , Xinzheng Xu

In supervised machine learning, models are typically trained using data with hard labels, i.e., definite assignments of class membership. This traditional approach, however, does not take the inherent uncertainty in these labels into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Sjoerd de Vries , Dirk Thierens

Partial multi-label learning (PML) models the scenario where each training instance is annotated with a set of candidate labels, and only some of the labels are relevant. The PML problem is practical in real-world scenarios, as it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Tingting Yu , Guoxian Yu , Jun Wang , Maozu Guo

Multi-label image recognition with partial labels (MLR-PL) is designed to train models using a mix of known and unknown labels. Traditional methods rely on semantic or feature correlations to create pseudo-labels for unidentified labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Haoxian Ruan , Zhihua Xu , Zhijing Yang , Guang Ma , Jieming Xie , Changxiang Fan , Tianshui Chen

described by multiple instances (e.g., image patches) and simultaneously associated with multiple labels. Existing MIML methods are useful in many applications but most of which suffer from relatively low accuracy and training efficiency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Qi Lai , Jianhang Zhou , Yanfen Gan , Chi-Man Vong , Deshuang Huang

Partial Multi-label Learning (PML) is a type of weakly supervised learning where each training instance corresponds to a set of candidate labels, among which only some are true. In this paper, we introduce \our{}, a novel probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Łukasz Struski , Adam Pardyl , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

The goal of multi-label learning (MLL) is to associate a given instance with its relevant labels from a set of concepts. Previous works of MLL mainly focused on the setting where the concept set is assumed to be fixed, while many real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Cheng-Yu Hsieh , Wei-I Lin , Miao Xu , Gang Niu , Hsuan-Tien Lin , Masashi Sugiyama

Although significant progress achieved, multi-label classification is still challenging due to the complexity of correlations among different labels. Furthermore, modeling the relationships between input and some (dull) classes further…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Junbing Li , Changqing Zhang , Pengfei Zhu , Baoyuan Wu , Lei Chen , Qinghua Hu

Partial multi-label learning and complementary multi-label learning are two popular weakly supervised multi-label classification paradigms that aim to alleviate the high annotation costs of collecting precisely annotated multi-label data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wei Wang , Tianhao Ma , Ming-Kun Xie , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

We motivate weakly supervised learning as an effective learning paradigm for problems where curating perfectly annotated datasets is expensive and may require domain expertise such as fine-grained classification. We focus on Partial Label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Darshana Saravanan , Naresh Manwani , Vineet Gandhi

Learning from large amounts of unsupervised data and a small amount of supervision is an important open problem in computer vision. We propose a new semi-supervised learning method, Semantic Positives via Pseudo-Labels (SemPPL), that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Matko Bošnjak , Pierre H. Richemond , Nenad Tomasev , Florian Strub , Jacob C. Walker , Felix Hill , Lars Holger Buesing , Razvan Pascanu , Charles Blundell , Jovana Mitrovic

Semi-supervised multi-label learning (SSMLL) is a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data to reduce the expensive cost of collecting precise multi-label annotations. Unlike semi-supervised learning, one cannot select the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Jia-Hao Xiao , Ming-Kun Xie , Heng-Bo Fan , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Sheng-Jun Huang

Conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs) have shown superior results in class-conditional generation tasks. To simultaneously control multiple conditions, cGANs require multi-label training datasets, where multiple labels can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Youngin Cho , Daejin Kim , Mohammad Azam Khan , Jaegul Choo

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across a range of natural language processing tasks, but their potential to generate harmful content has raised serious safety concerns. Current toxicity detectors primarily rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Zhiqiang Kou , Junyang Chen , Xin-Qiang Cai , Ming-Kun Xie , Biao Liu , Changwei Wang , Lei Feng , Yuheng Jia , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Xin Geng

Multi-label classification (MLC) refers to the problem of tagging a given instance with a set of relevant labels. Most existing MLC methods are based on the assumption that the correlation of two labels in each label pair is symmetric,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Xingyu Zhao , Yuexuan An , Lei Qi , Xin Geng