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The paper introduces a white-box attack on computer vision models using SHAP values. It demonstrates how adversarial evasion attacks can compromise the performance of deep learning models by reducing output confidence or inducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Frank Mollard , Marcus Becker , Florian Roehrbein

Interpretable machine learning seeks to understand the reasoning process of complex black-box systems that are long notorious for lack of explainability. One flourishing approach is through counterfactual explanations, which provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Vy Vo , Trung Le , Van Nguyen , He Zhao , Edwin Bonilla , Gholamreza Haffari , Dinh Phung

In the past years, many new explanation methods have been proposed to achieve interpretability of machine learning predictions. However, the utility of these methods in practical applications has not been researched extensively. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Hilde J. P. Weerts , Werner van Ipenburg , Mykola Pechenizkiy

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values are a widely used method for local feature attribution in interpretable and explainable AI. We propose an efficient two-stage algorithm for computing SHAP values in both black-box setting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ali Gorji , Andisheh Amrollahi , Andreas Krause

Reliability-oriented sensitivity analysis aims at combining both reliability and sensitivity analyses by quantifying the influence of each input variable of a numerical model on a quantity of interest related to its failure. In particular,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Julien Demange-Chryst , François Bachoc , Jérôme Morio

Explaining machine learning (ML) predictions has become crucial as ML models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. While SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is widely used for model interpretability, it fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Woon Yee Ng , Li Rong Wang , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

Auditing fairness of decision-makers is now in high demand. To respond to this social demand, several fairness auditing tools have been developed. The focus of this study is to raise an awareness of the risk of malicious decision-makers who…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-02 Kazuto Fukuchi , Satoshi Hara , Takanori Maehara

Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

Data-trained predictive models see widespread use, but for the most part they are used as black boxes which output a prediction or score. It is therefore hard to acquire a deeper understanding of model behavior, and in particular how…

An important technique to explore a black-box machine learning (ML) model is called SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation). SHAP values decompose predictions into contributions of the features in a fair way. We will show that for a boosted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-01 Michael Mayer

Substantial progress in spoofing and deepfake detection has been made in recent years. Nonetheless, the community has yet to make notable inroads in providing an explanation for how a classifier produces its output. The dominance of black…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-29 Wanying Ge , Jose Patino , Massimiliano Todisco , Nicholas Evans

Nowadays, the interpretation of why a machine learning (ML) model makes certain inferences is as crucial as the accuracy of such inferences. Some ML models like the decision tree possess inherent interpretability that can be directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Han Yuan , Mingxuan Liu , Lican Kang , Chenkui Miao , Ying Wu

Detecting anomalies in energy consumption data is crucial for identifying energy waste, equipment malfunction, and overall, for ensuring efficient energy management. Machine learning, and specifically deep learning approaches, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Mohammad Noorchenarboo , Katarina Grolinger

Feature attribution methods are widely used for explaining image-based predictions, as they provide feature-level insights that can be intuitively visualized. However, such explanations often vary in their robustness and may fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Amr Alkhatib , Stephanie Lowry

Score-based explainable machine-learning techniques are often used to understand the logic behind black-box models. However, such explanation techniques are often computationally expensive, which limits their application in time-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Amr Alkhatib , Henrik Boström , Sofiane Ennadir , Ulf Johansson

SHAP is one of the most popular local feature-attribution methods. Given a function f and an input x, it quantifies each feature's contribution to f(x). Recently, SHAP has been increasingly used for global insights: practitioners average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Robi Bhattacharjee , Karolin Frohnapfel , Ulrike von Luxburg

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex input-output relationships. The deficiency of these methods, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

Causal approaches to post-hoc explainability for black-box prediction models (e.g., deep neural networks trained on image pixel data) have become increasingly popular. However, existing approaches have two important shortcomings: (i) the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Numair Sani , Daniel Malinsky , Ilya Shpitser

Fairwashing refers to the risk that an unfair black-box model can be explained by a fairer model through post-hoc explanation manipulation. In this paper, we investigate the capability of fairwashing attacks by analyzing their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Ulrich Aïvodji , Hiromi Arai , Sébastien Gambs , Satoshi Hara

Explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable machine learning methods help to build trust in model predictions and derived insights, yet also present a perverse incentive for analysts to manipulate XAI metrics to support pre-specified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Rahul Sharma , Sergey Redyuk , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Andrea Šipka , Eyke Hüllermeier , Sebastian Vollmer , David Selby