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We describe a method for defining dynamical black hole entropy in gravitational effective field theories (EFTs). The entropy is constructed order by order in derivatives. For any fixed number of derivatives, the entropy satisfies a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-04-16 Iain Davies , Harvey S. Reall

It is established that black holes have entropy and behave as thermodynamical systems. Associating entropy to gravitational fields has not remained limited to black holes, necessitating the notion of the second law of thermodynamics in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-26 V. R. Shajiee , M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari

The Second Law of black hole thermodynamics is shown to hold for arbitrarily complicated theories of higher curvature gravity, so long as we allow only linearized perturbations to stationary black holes. Some ambiguities in Wald's Noether…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-07-25 Aron C. Wall

In classical general relativity described by Einstein-Hilbert gravity, black holes behave as thermodynamic objects. In particular, the laws of black hole mechanics can be interpreted as laws of thermodynamics. The first law of black hole…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-04-05 Sayantani Bhattacharyya , Felix M. Haehl , Nilay Kundu , R. Loganayagam , Mukund Rangamani

The first law of black hole thermodynamics is suitable for any diffeomorphism invariant gravity, and the entropy in the first law is the Wald entropy which is highly dependent on the non-minimal coupling interactions in the theory of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-09 Xin-Yang Wang , Jie Jiang

The laws of mechanics of stationary black holes bear a close resemblance with the laws of thermodynamics. This is not only a mathematical analogy but also a physical one that helps us answer deep questions related to the thermodynamic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-07-26 Diptarka Das

We construct a proof of the second law of thermodynamics in an arbitrary diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity working within the approximation of linearized dynamical fluctuations around stationary black holes. We achieve this by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-10-05 Sayantani Bhattacharyya , Prateksh Dhivakar , Anirban Dinda , Nilay Kundu , Milan Patra , Shuvayu Roy

In recent work, Hollands, Kov\'acs and Reall have built on previous work of Wall to provide a definition of dynamical black hole entropy for gravitational effective field theories (EFTs). This entropy satisfies a second law of black hole…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-05-17 Iain Davies , Harvey S. Reall

We discuss some recent results on black hole thermodynamics within the context of effective gravitational actions including higher-curvature interactions. Wald's derivation of the First Law demonstrates that black hole entropy can always be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 TED JACOBSON , GUNGWON KANG , ROBERT C. MYERS

The first law of black hole mechanics has been the main motivation for investigating thermodynamic properties of black holes. The first version of this law was proved in \cite{Bardeen:1973gs} by considering perturbations of an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-12-09 Lorenzo Rossi

We derive the first law of black hole mechanics in the context of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first order in alpha prime using Wald's formalism. We carefully take into account all the symmetries of the theory and, as a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-06-02 Zachary Elgood , Tomás Ortín , David Pereñíguez

We propose a new formula for the entropy of a dynamical black hole$-$valid to leading order for perturbations off of a stationary black hole background$-$in an arbitrary classical diffeomorphism covariant Lagrangian theory of gravity in $n$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-04-02 Stefan Hollands , Robert M. Wald , Victor G. Zhang

Expanding the work of arXiv:1504.08040, we show that black holes obey a second law for linear perturbations to bifurcate Killing horizons, in any covariant higher curvature gravity coupled to scalar and vector fields. The vector fields do…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-28 Aron C. Wall , Zihan Yan

The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy satisfies the generalized second law of black hole thermodynamics for arbitrary thermodynamic evolution within Einstein-Maxwell theory. In contrast, the black hole entropy that satisfies the second law in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-16 Xin-Yang Wang , Jie Jiang

Although the entropy of black holes in any diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity can be expressed as the Wald entropy, the issue of whether the entropy always obeys the second law of black hole thermodynamics remains open. Since the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-15 Xin-Yang Wang , Jie Jiang

It is shown that all generalized two--dimensional dilaton theories with arbitrary matter content (with a curvature independent coupling to gravity) do not only obey a first law of black hole mechanics (which follows from Wald's general…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 Norbert Duechting , Thomas Strobl

We propose the use of a gravitational uncertainty principle for gravitation. We define the corresponding gravitational Planck's constant and the gravitational quantum of mass. We define entropy in terms of the quantum of gravity with the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Antonio Alfonso-Faus

If simple entropy in the Bekenstein-Hawking area law for a Schwarzschild black hole is replaced with 'negative' quantum conditional entropy, which quantifies quantum entanglement, of positive-energy particles of the black hole relative to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-04 Koji Azuma , Go Kato

The thermodynamic second law in the evaporating black hole space-time is examined in the context of two-dimensional dilaton black hole. The dynamical evolution of entropy is investigated by using the analytical perturbation method and the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 Kouichirou Hirata , Yoshi Fujiwara , Jiro Soda

Since the entropy of stationary black holes in Horndeski gravity will be modified by the non-minimally coupling scalar field, a significant issue of whether the Wald entropy still obeys the linearized second law of black hole thermodynamics…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-12 Xin-Yang Wang , Jie Jiang
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