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Motivated by both theory and practice, we study how random pruning of the weights affects a neural network's neural tangent kernel (NTK). In particular, this work establishes an equivalence of the NTKs between a fully-connected neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Hongru Yang , Zhangyang Wang

Grokking is the phenomenon where neural networks NNs initially fit the training data and later generalize to the test data during training. In this paper, we empirically provide a frequency perspective to explain the emergence of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Zhangchen Zhou , Yaoyu Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

While deep learning has achieved remarkable success across a wide range of applications, its theoretical understanding of representation learning remains limited. Deep neural kernels provide a principled framework to interpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yong-Ming Tian , Shuang Liang , Shao-Qun Zhang , Feng-Lei Fan

It is well understood that neural networks with carefully hand-picked weights provide powerful function approximation and that they can be successfully trained in over-parametrized regimes. Since over-parametrization ensures zero training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 G. Welper

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely-wide neural networks trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. Recent works also report that NTK regression can outperform finitely-wide neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Haim Avron , Neta Shoham , Chaewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin

In suitably initialized wide networks, small learning rates transform deep neural networks (DNNs) into neural tangent kernel (NTK) machines, whose training dynamics is well-approximated by a linear weight expansion of the network at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Stanislav Fort , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Mansheej Paul , Sepideh Kharaghani , Daniel M. Roy , Surya Ganguli

Neural tangent kernels (NTKs) have been proposed to study the behavior of trained neural networks from the perspective of Gaussian processes. An important result in this body of work is the theorem of equivalence between a trained neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-22 Haoran Liu , Anthony Tai , David J. Crandall , Chunfeng Huang

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have lately received great attention thanks to their flexibility in tackling a wide range of forward and inverse problems involving partial differential equations. However, despite their noticeable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Sifan Wang , Xinling Yu , Paris Perdikaris

For certain infinitely-wide neural networks, the neural tangent kernel (NTK) theory fully characterizes generalization, but for the networks used in practice, the empirical NTK only provides a rough first-order approximation. Still, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Guillermo Ortiz-Jiménez , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Pascal Frossard

We study nonparametric regression by an over-parameterized two-layer neural network trained by gradient descent (GD) in this paper. We show that, if the neural network is trained by GD with early stopping, then the trained network renders a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-07 Yingzhen Yang , Ping Li

This paper demonstrates that in classification problems, fully connected neural networks (FCNs) and residual neural networks (ResNets) cannot be approximated by kernel logistic regression based on the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zixiong Yu , Songtao Tian , Guhan Chen

A convergence analysis is developed for the regularized Newton method for training neural networks (NNs) in the overparameterized limit. As the number of hidden units tends to infinity, the NN training dynamics converge in probability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Konstantin Riedl , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos , Justin Sirignano

We analyze the convergence of the averaged stochastic gradient descent for overparameterized two-layer neural networks for regression problems. It was recently found that a neural tangent kernel (NTK) plays an important role in showing the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-14 Atsushi Nitanda , Taiji Suzuki

The underlying mechanism of neural networks in capturing precise knowledge has been the subject of consistent research efforts. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach based on Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) to investigate such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaobing Sun , Jiaxi Li , Wei Lu

Recently, quantum neural networks or quantum-classical neural networks (qcNN) have been actively studied, as a possible alternative to the conventional classical neural network (cNN), but their practical and theoretically-guaranteed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Kouhei Nakaji , Hiroyuki Tezuka , Naoki Yamamoto

Data with low-dimensional nonlinear structure are ubiquitous in engineering and scientific problems. We study a model problem with such structure -- a binary classification task that uses a deep fully-connected neural network to classify…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-01 Tingran Wang , Sam Buchanan , Dar Gilboa , John Wright

In multi-objective optimization, multiple loss terms are weighted and added together to form a single objective. These weights are chosen to properly balance the competing losses according to some meta-goal. For example, in physics-informed…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Max Hirsch , Federico Pichi

Little is known about the training dynamics of equivariant neural networks, in particular how it compares to data augmented training of their non-equivariant counterparts. Recently, neural tangent kernels (NTKs) have emerged as a powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Philipp Misof , Pan Kessel , Jan E. Gerken

Knowing whether a Quantum Machine Learning model would perform well on a given dataset before training it can help to save critical resources. However, gathering a priori information about model performance (e.g., training speed, critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Francesco Scala , Christa Zoufal , Dario Gerace , Francesco Tacchino

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable empirical success, yet their training dynamics remain understood mainly from optimization rather than statistical principles. Here we develop a statistical framework for DNN training in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Minhao Yao , Ruoyu Wang , Xihong Lin , Lin Liu , Zhonghua Liu