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Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables calculating on encrypted data, which makes it possible to perform privacypreserving neural network inference. One disadvantage of this technique is that it is several orders of magnitudes slower than…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wouter Legiest , Jan-Pieter D'Anvers , Furkan Turan , Michiel Van Beirendonck , Ingrid Verbauwhede

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has experienced significant development and continuous breakthroughs in theory, enabling its widespread application in various fields, like outsourcing computation and secure multi-party computing, in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yanwei Gong , Xiaolin Chang , Jelena Mišić , Vojislav B. Mišić , Jianhua Wang , Haoran Zhu

Privacy concerns have thrust privacy-preserving computation into the spotlight. Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a cryptographic system that enables computation to occur directly on encrypted data, providing users with strong privacy (and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Juran Ding , Yuanzhe Liu , Lingbin Sun , Brandon Reagen

Word-wise Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) schemes, such as CKKS, are gaining significant traction due to their ability to provide post-quantum-resistant, privacy-preserving approximate computing; an especially desirable feature in…

We introduce an open-source GPU-accelerated fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) framework CAT, which surpasses existing solutions in functionality and efficiency. \emph{CAT} features a three-layer architecture: a foundation of core math, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Qirui Li , Rui Zong

Performing smart computations in a context of cloud computing and big data is highly appreciated today. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a smart category of encryption schemes that allows working with the data in its encrypted form. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-20 Ahmed El-Yahyaoui , Mohamed Dafir Ech-Chrif El Kettani

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), a novel cryptographic theory enabling computation directly on ciphertext data, offers significant security benefits but is hampered by substantial performance overhead. In recent years, a series of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Shengyu Fan , Xianglong Deng , Zhuoyu Tian , Zhicheng Hu , Liang Chang , Rui Hou , Dan Meng , Mingzhe Zhang

Fully-Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) offers powerful capabilities by enabling secure offloading of both storage and computation, and recent innovations in schemes and implementations have made it all the more attractive. At the same time, FHE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Roshan Dathathri , Blagovesta Kostova , Olli Saarikivi , Wei Dai , Kim Laine , Madanlal Musuvathi

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) relies heavily on the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), making NTT a major performance bottleneck due to its intensive polynomial computations. Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE), which integrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hang Gu , Teng Wang , Qianyu Cheng , Jinao Li , Zhendong Zheng , Lei Gong , Wenqi Lou , Xi Li , Xuehai Zhou

Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows direct computations on encrypted data. Despite numerous research efforts, the practicality of HE schemes remains to be demonstrated. In this regard, the enormous size of ciphertexts involved in HE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Dayane Reis , Jonathan Takeshita , Taeho Jung , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is in the spotlight as a definitive solution for privacy, but the high computational overhead of FHE poses a challenge to its practical adoption. Although prior studies have attempted to design ASIC…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Sangpyo Kim , Jongmin Kim , Jaeyoung Choi , Jung Ho Ahn

Open-source hardware (OSHW) is rapidly gaining traction in academia and industry. The availability of open RTL descriptions, EDA tools, and even PDKs enables a fully auditable supply chain for end-to-end (RTL to layout) open-source silicon,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Paul Scheffler , Philippe Sauter , Thomas Benz , Frank K. Gürkaynak , Luca Benini

Privacy and security have rapidly emerged as priorities in system design. One powerful solution for providing both is privacy-preserving computation, where functions are computed directly on encrypted data and control can be provided over…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Jianqiao Mo , Jayanth Gopinath , Brandon Reagen

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computations to be performed on encrypted data, significantly enhancing user privacy. However, the I/O challenges associated with deploying FHE applications remains understudied. We analyze the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Lei Chen , Erci Xu , Yiming Sun , Shengyu Fan , Xianglong Deng , Guiming Shi , Guang Fan , Liang Kong , Yilan Zhu , Shoumeng Yan , Mingzhe Zhang

Secure computation is of critical importance to not only the DoD, but across financial institutions, healthcare, and anywhere personally identifiable information (PII) is accessed. Traditional security techniques require data to be…

Privacy-preserving machine learning has become an important long-term pursuit in this era of artificial intelligence (AI). Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a uniquely promising solution, offering provable privacy and security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Cory Brynds , Parker McLeod , Lauren Caccamise , Asmita Pal , Dewan Saiham , Sazadur Rahman , Joshua San Miguel , Di Wu

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables computation on encrypted data without decryption, making it central to privacy-preserving applications. However, no existing scheme efficiently supports both arithmetic and comparison operations in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Erwin Eko Wahyudi , Yan Solihin , Qian Lou

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted data without needing to decrypt it first. This "encryption-in-use" feature is crucial for securely outsourcing computations in privacy-sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Muhammad Husni Santriaji , Jiaqi Xue , Qian Lou , Yan Solihin

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) represents a paradigm shift in cryptography, enabling computation directly on encrypted data and unlocking privacy-critical computation. Despite being increasingly deployed in real platforms, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Rian Adam Rajagede , Yan Solihin

High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) provides massive aggregated memory bandwidth by exposing multiple memory channels to the processing units. To achieve high performance, an accelerator built on top of an FPGA configured with HBM (i.e., FPGA-HBM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Kexin Li , Chenhao Liu , Zhiyuan Shao , Zeke Wang , Minkang Wu , Jiajie Chen , Xiaofei Liao , Hai Jin