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The adaptive optimizer for training neural networks has continually evolved to overcome the limitations of the previously proposed adaptive methods. Recent studies have found the rare counterexamples that Adam cannot converge to the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Kiwook Bae , Heechang Ryu , Hayong Shin

In the training of neural networks, adaptive moment estimation (Adam) typically converges fast but exhibits suboptimal generalization performance. A widely accepted explanation for its defect in generalization is that it often tends to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tao Shi , Liangming Chen , Long Jin , Mengchu Zhou

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Bilevel optimization recently has attracted increased interest in machine learning due to its many applications such as hyper-parameter optimization and meta learning. Although many bilevel methods recently have been proposed, these methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Shangqian Gao

Modern recommendation systems frequently employ online learning to dynamically update their models with freshly collected data. The most commonly used optimizer for updating neural networks in these contexts is the Adam optimizer, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Shaowen Wang , Anan Liu , Jian Xiao , Huan Liu , Yuekui Yang , Cong Xu , Qianqian Pu , Suncong Zheng , Wei Zhang , Di Wang , Jie Jiang , Jian Li

Adam is widely adopted in practical applications due to its fast convergence. However, its theoretical analysis is still far from satisfactory. Existing convergence analyses for Adam rely on the bounded smoothness assumption, referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bohan Wang , Yushun Zhang , Huishuai Zhang , Qi Meng , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Wei Chen

A cornerstone of geometric reconstruction, rotation averaging seeks the set of absolute rotations that optimally explains a set of measured relative orientations between them. In addition to being an integral part of bundle adjustment and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Gabriel Moreira , Manuel Marques , João Paulo Costeira

Despite its widespread adoption, Adam's advantage over Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) lacks a comprehensive theoretical explanation. This paper investigates Adam's sensitivity to rotations of the parameter space. We observe that Adam's…

Accelerated gradient-based methods are being extensively used for solving non-convex machine learning problems, especially when the data points are abundant or the available data is distributed across several agents. Two of the prominent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

The paper presents the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the ArcGD optimiser. The evaluation is conducted initially on a non-convex benchmark function and subsequently on a real-world ML dataset. The initial comparative study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nikhil Verma , Joonas Linnosmaa , Leonardo Espinosa-Leal , Napat Vajragupta

In this paper, we investigate the popular deep learning optimization routine, Adam, from the perspective of statistical moments. While Adam is an adaptive lower-order moment based (of the stochastic gradient) method, we propose an extension…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Zhanhong Jiang , Aditya Balu , Sin Yong Tan , Young M Lee , Chinmay Hegde , Soumik Sarkar

The Adaptive Momentum Estimation (Adam) algorithm is highly effective in training various deep learning tasks. Despite this, there's limited theoretical understanding for Adam, especially when focusing on its vanilla form in non-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Adaptive moment methods such as Adam use a diagonal, coordinate-wise preconditioner based on exponential moving averages of squared gradients. This diagonal scaling is coordinate-system dependent and can struggle with dense or rotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Devender Singh , Tarun Sheel

Beside the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method, the Adam optimizer due to Kingma & Ba (2014) is currently probably the best-known optimization method for the training of deep neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

We investigate the techniques and ideas used in the convergence analysis of two proximal ADMM algorithms for solving convex optimization problems involving compositions with linear operators. Besides this, we formulate a variant of the ADMM…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-20 Sebastian Banert , Radu Ioan Bot , Ernö Robert Csetnek

Adaptive gradient methods have shown excellent performances for solving many machine learning problems. Although multiple adaptive gradient methods were recently studied, they mainly focus on either empirical or theoretical aspects and also…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-13 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Heng Huang

This paper introduces a novel optimization algorithm designed for nonlinear least-squares problems. The method is derived by preconditioning the gradient descent direction using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the Jacobian. This…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Zhipeng Chang , Wenrui Hao , Nian Liu

In autonomous driving, deep learning enabled motion prediction is a popular topic. A critical gap in traditional motion prediction methodologies lies in ensuring equivariance under Euclidean geometric transformations and maintaining…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yuping Wang , Jier Chen

This paper proposes a conjugate-gradient-based Adam algorithm blending Adam with nonlinear conjugate gradient methods and shows its convergence analysis. Numerical experiments on text classification and image classification show that the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-04 Yu Kobayashi , Hideaki Iiduka

Non-convex constrained optimizations are ubiquitous in robotic applications such as multi-agent navigation, UAV trajectory optimization, and soft robot simulation. For this problem class, conventional optimizers suffer from small step sizes…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Zherong Pan , Kui Wu