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Mobile Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing diverse fields such as healthcare, finance, and education with their ability to perform advanced natural language processing tasks on-the-go. However, the deployment of these models in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Honghui Xu , Kaiyang Li , Wei Chen , Danyang Zheng , Zhiyuan Li , Zhipeng Cai

With the rapid adoption of Federated Learning (FL) as the training and tuning protocol for applications utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs), recent research highlights the need for significant modifications to FL to accommodate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Minh N. Vu , Truc Nguyen , Tre' R. Jeter , My T. Thai

This work quantifies the risk of training data leakage from LLMs (Large Language Models) using sequence-level probabilities. Computing extraction probabilities for individual sequences provides finer-grained information than has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Trishita Tiwari , G. Edward Suh

How much information about training samples can be leaked through synthetic data generated by Large Language Models (LLMs)? Overlooking the subtleties of information flow in synthetic data generation pipelines can lead to a false sense of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Matthieu Meeus , Lukas Wutschitz , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin , Shruti Tople , Reza Shokri

When large language models are trained on private data, it can be a significant privacy risk for them to memorize and regurgitate sensitive information. In this work, we propose a new practical data extraction attack that we call "neural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Ashwinee Panda , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Zhengming Zhang , Yaoqing Yang , Prateek Mittal

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate content that is as persuasive as human-written text and appear capable of selectively producing deceptive outputs. These capabilities raise concerns about potential misuse and unintended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Cameron R. Jones , Benjamin K. Bergen

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

A potential concern when simulating populations of large language models (LLMs) is data contamination, i.e. the possibility that training data may shape outcomes in unintended ways. While this concern is important and may hinder certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ariel Flint Ashery , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli

The rapid development of language models (LMs) brings unprecedented accessibility and usage for both models and users. On the one hand, powerful LMs achieve state-of-the-art performance over numerous downstream NLP tasks. On the other hand,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Haoran Li , Dadi Guo , Donghao Li , Wei Fan , Qi Hu , Xin Liu , Chunkit Chan , Duanyi Yao , Yuan Yao , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to "leak" Personally Identifiable Information (PII), with successful PII reconstruction often interpreted as evidence of memorization. We propose a principled revision of memorization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xiaoyu Luo , Yiyi Chen , Qiongxiu Li , Johannes Bjerva

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great capabilities in various tasks but also exhibited memorization of training data, raising tremendous privacy and copyright concerns. While prior works have studied memorization during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Shenglai Zeng , Yaxin Li , Jie Ren , Yiding Liu , Han Xu , Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Jiliang Tang , Dawei Yin

This paper explores the risk that a large language model (LLM) trained for code generation on data mined from software repositories will generate content that discloses sensitive information included in its training data. We decompose this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rafiqul Rabin , Sean McGregor , Nick Judd

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven considerable interest in fine-tuning them with domain-specific data to create specialized language models. Nevertheless, such domain-specific fine-tuning data often contains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yijia Xiao , Yiqiao Jin , Yushi Bai , Yue Wu , Xianjun Yang , Xiao Luo , Wenchao Yu , Xujiang Zhao , Yanchi Liu , Quanquan Gu , Haifeng Chen , Wei Wang , Wei Cheng

Natural language processing based on large language models (LLMs) is a booming field of AI research. After neural networks have proven to outperform humans in games and practical domains based on pattern recognition, we might stand now at a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Anna Strasser

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess the potential to exert substantial influence on public perceptions and interactions with information. This raises concerns about the societal impact that could arise if the ideologies within these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Kai Chen , Zihao He , Jun Yan , Taiwei Shi , Kristina Lerman

The widespread availability of large-scale code datasets has fueled the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) for code-related tasks. These datasets may include sensitive personally identifiable information (PII), which can lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yifei Ge , Zhenpeng Chen , Weisong Sun , Yuchen Chen , Chunrong Fang , Juan Zhai , Xiaofang Zhang , Xia Feng , Yang Liu , Zhenyu Chen

Language Models (LMs) have been shown to leak information about training data through sentence-level membership inference and reconstruction attacks. Understanding the risk of LMs leaking Personally Identifiable Information (PII) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Nils Lukas , Ahmed Salem , Robert Sim , Shruti Tople , Lukas Wutschitz , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin

Large Language Models (LLMs), now a foundation in advancing natural language processing, power applications such as text generation, machine translation, and conversational systems. Despite their transformative potential, these models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kang Chen , Xiuze Zhou , Yuanguo Lin , Jinhe Su , Yuanhui Yu , Li Shen , Fan Lin

Can we trust Large Language Models (LLMs) to accurately predict scam? This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of LLMs when facing adversarial scam messages for the task of scam detection. We addressed this issue by creating a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Chen-Wei Chang , Shailik Sarkar , Shutonu Mitra , Qi Zhang , Hossein Salemi , Hemant Purohit , Fengxiu Zhang , Michin Hong , Jin-Hee Cho , Chang-Tien Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are advancing at a remarkable pace, with myriad applications under development. Unlike most earlier machine learning models, they are no longer built for one specific application but are designed to excel in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Valentin Hartmann , Anshuman Suri , Vincent Bindschaedler , David Evans , Shruti Tople , Robert West