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Related papers: RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Re…

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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect…

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

Prompt-tuning (PT) for large language models (LLMs) can facilitate the performance on various conventional NLP tasks with significantly fewer trainable parameters. However, our investigation reveals that PT provides limited improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sinan Fan , Liang Xie , Chen Shen , Ge Teng , Xiaosong Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Wenxiao Wang , Xiaofei He , Jieping Ye

Despite recent progress, reinforcement learning (RL)-based fine-tuning of diffusion models often struggles with generalization, composability, and robustness against reward hacking. Recent studies have explored prompt refinement as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Suhyeon Lee , Jong Chul Ye

Discrete prompts have been used for fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models for diverse NLP tasks. In particular, automatic methods that generate discrete prompts from a small set of training instances have reported superior performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yoichi Ishibashi , Danushka Bollegala , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

Facilitated by large language models (LLMs), personalized text generation has become a rapidly growing research direction. Most existing studies focus on designing specialized models for a particular domain, or they require fine-tuning the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Cheng Li , Mingyang Zhang , Qiaozhu Mei , Weize Kong , Michael Bendersky

Fine-tuned pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved awesome performance on almost all NLP tasks. By using additional prompts to fine-tune PLMs, we can further stimulate the rich knowledge distributed in PLMs to better serve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Xu Han , Weilin Zhao , Ning Ding , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and GPT-4 have attracted great attention given their surprising performance on a wide range of NLP tasks. Length controlled generation of LLMs emerges as an important topic, which enables users to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Renlong Jie , Xiaojun Meng , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) methods harness previous experiences to derive an optimal policy, forming the foundation for pre-trained large-scale models (PLMs). When encountering tasks not seen before, PLMs often utilize several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shengchao Hu , Wanru Zhao , Weixiong Lin , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Dacheng Tao

In recent years, the growing interest in Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced prompt engineering, transitioning from manual design to model-based optimization. Prompts for LLMs generally comprise two components: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Qinhao Zhou , Xiang Xiang , Kun He , John E. Hopcroft

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards has driven recent advances in LLM post-training, in particular for reasoning. Policy optimization algorithms generate a number of responses for a given prompt and then effectively weight the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Reinhard Heckel , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Christos Thramboulidis

Reinforcement Learning (RL) traditionally relies on scalar reward signals, limiting its ability to leverage the rich semantic knowledge often available in real-world tasks. In contrast, humans learn efficiently by combining numerical…

Recent advances have witnessed the effectiveness of reinforcement learning (RL) finetuning in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). The optimization process often requires numerous iterations to achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yun Qu , Qi Wang , Yixiu Mao , Vincent Tao Hu , Björn Ommer , Xiangyang Ji

The latest generation of LLMs can be prompted to achieve impressive zero-shot or few-shot performance in many NLP tasks. However, since performance is highly sensitive to the choice of prompts, considerable effort has been devoted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Alina Leidinger , Robert van Rooij , Ekaterina Shutova

Language Models are extremely susceptible to performance collapse with even small changes to input prompt strings. Libraries such as DSpy (from Stanford NLP) avoid this problem through demonstration-based prompt optimisation. Inspired by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maanas Taneja

Prompt engineering, as an efficient and effective way to leverage Large Language Models (LLM), has drawn a lot of attention from the research community. The existing research primarily emphasizes the importance of adapting prompts to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yuyan Chen , Zhihao Wen , Ge Fan , Zhengyu Chen , Wei Wu , Dayiheng Liu , Zhixu Li , Bang Liu , Yanghua Xiao

Designing effective prompts can empower LLMs to understand user preferences and provide recommendations with intent comprehension and knowledge utilization capabilities. Nevertheless, recent studies predominantly concentrate on task-wise…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Wenyu Mao , Jiancan Wu , Weijian Chen , Chongming Gao , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

The advent of the "pre-train, prompt" paradigm has recently extended its generalization ability and data efficiency to graph representation learning, following its achievements in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Initial graph prompt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jiapeng Zhu , Zichen Ding , Jianxiang Yu , Jiaqi Tan , Xiang Li , Weining Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown outstanding performance across a variety of tasks, partly due to advanced prompting techniques. However, these techniques often require lengthy prompts, which increase computational costs and can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Jinwu Hu , Wei Zhang , Yufeng Wang , Yu Hu , Bin Xiao , Mingkui Tan , Qing Du

The strength of modern generative models lies in their ability to be controlled through text-based prompts. Typical "hard" prompts are made from interpretable words and tokens, and must be hand-crafted by humans. There are also "soft"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Yuxin Wen , Neel Jain , John Kirchenbauer , Micah Goldblum , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein