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Explanation regularisation (ER) has been introduced as a way to guide text classifiers to form their predictions relying on input tokens that humans consider plausible. This is achieved by introducing an auxiliary explanation loss that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Pedro Ferreira , Ivan Titov , Wilker Aziz

Free-text explanations are expressive and easy to understand, but many datasets lack annotated explanation data, making it challenging to train models for explainable predictions. To address this, we investigate how to use existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Jing Yang , Max Glockner , Anderson Rocha , Iryna Gurevych

Integrating reasoning in large language models and large vision-language models has recently led to significant improvement of their capabilities. However, the generalization of reasoning models is still vaguely defined and poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Yannic Neuhaus , Nicolas Flammarion , Matthias Hein , Francesco Croce

Improving the accessibility of psychotherapy with the aid of Large Language Models (LLMs) is garnering a significant attention in recent years. Recognizing cognitive distortions from the interviewee's utterances can be an essential part of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Sehee Lim , Yejin Kim , Chi-Hyun Choi , Jy-yong Sohn , Byung-Hoon Kim

Given a user's input text, text-matching recommender systems output relevant items by comparing the input text to available items' description, such as product-to-product recommendation on e-commerce platforms. As users' interests and item…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Parikshit Bansal , Yashoteja Prabhu , Emre Kiciman , Amit Sharma

Pre-trained language models have achieved state-of-the-art accuracies on various text classification tasks, e.g., sentiment analysis, natural language inference, and semantic textual similarity. However, the reliability of the fine-tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Seung Jun Moon , Sangwoo Mo , Kimin Lee , Jaeho Lee , Jinwoo Shin

Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely believed to have the potential to improve sample efficiency by allowing an agent to synthesize large amounts of imagined experience. Experience Replay (ER) can be considered a simple kind of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kenny Young , Aditya Ramesh , Louis Kirsch , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Generalization to novel compound tasks under distribution shift is important for deploying transformer-based language models (LMs). This work investigates Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning as a means to enhance OOD generalization. Through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ru Wang , Wei Huang , Selena Song , Haoyu Zhang , Qian Niu , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo , Jiaxian Guo

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are known to improve the generalization performance of natural language understanding models by leveraging large amounts of data during the pre-training phase. However, the out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Libo Qin , Yafu Li , Yidong Wang , Hanmeng Liu , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Yue Zhang

In this paper, we study the OOD generalization of neural algorithmic reasoning tasks, where the goal is to learn an algorithm (e.g., sorting, breadth-first search, and depth-first search) from input-output pairs using deep neural networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Sadegh Mahdavi , Kevin Swersky , Thomas Kipf , Milad Hashemi , Christos Thrampoulidis , Renjie Liao

Post-training techniques combined with inference-time scaling significantly enhance the reasoning and alignment capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, a fundamental tension arises: inference-time methods benefit from diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Changhao Li , Yuchen Zhuang , Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Rushi Qiang , Chao Zhang , Bo Dai

Recent progress has pushed AI frontiers from pattern recognition tasks toward problems that require step by step, System2 style reasoning, especially with large language models. Yet, unlike learning, where generalization and out of…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency on solving diverse problems. However, their generalization ability is not always satisfying and the generalization problem is common for generative transformer models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xingcheng Xu , Zihao Pan , Haipeng Zhang , Yanqing Yang

The reusability of state-of-the-art Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) is often limited by their generalization problem, where their performance drastically decreases when evaluated on examples that differ from the training dataset, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Somayeh Ghanbarzadeh , Hamid Palangi , Yan Huang , Radames Cruz Moreno , Hamed Khanpour

A large language model's (LLM's) out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation ability is crucial to its deployment. Previous work assessing LLMs' generalisation performance, however, typically focuses on a single out-of-distribution dataset.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Matteo Boglioni , Andrea Sgobbi , Gabriel Tavernini , Francesco Rita , Marius Mosbach , Tiago Pimentel

Fine-tuned pre-trained language models can suffer from severe miscalibration for both in-distribution and out-of-distribution (OOD) data due to over-parameterization. To mitigate this issue, we propose a regularized fine-tuning method. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Lingkai Kong , Haoming Jiang , Yuchen Zhuang , Jie Lyu , Tuo Zhao , Chao Zhang

We study the generalization abilities of language models when translating natural language into formal specifications with complex semantics. In particular, we fine-tune language models on three datasets consisting of English sentences and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Christopher Hahn , Frederik Schmitt , Julia J. Tillman , Niklas Metzger , Julian Siber , Bernd Finkbeiner

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization, a cornerstone for building robust machine learning models capable of handling data diverging from the training set's distribution, is an ongoing challenge in deep learning. While significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Sergey Kolesnikov

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the task of identifying data sampled from distributions that were not used during training. This task is essential for reliable machine learning and a better understanding of their generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Kohei Fukuda , Hiroaki Aizawa
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