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Related papers: Memorization in NLP Fine-tuning Methods

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How can we train models whose post-trained capabilities survive subsequent fine-tuning? Rather than focusing on downstream interventions to mitigate forgetting of upstream capabilities, we study how upstream training choices - that is, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Lawrence Feng , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Jacob Mitchell Springer , Ziqian Zhong , Aditi Raghunathan

Machine learning poses severe privacy concerns as it has been shown that the learned models can reveal sensitive information about their training data. Many works have investigated the effect of widely adopted data augmentation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xiao Li , Qiongxiu Li , Zhanhao Hu , Xiaolin Hu

Despite their wide adoption, the underlying training and memorization dynamics of very large language models is not well understood. We empirically study exact memorization in causal and masked language modeling, across model sizes and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Kushal Tirumala , Aram H. Markosyan , Luke Zettlemoyer , Armen Aghajanyan

Recent defenses for safeguarding open-weight large language models (LLMs) are intended to prevent adversarial usage. Underlying these defenses is an assumption that new harmful behavior is learned through fine-tuning rather than elicited by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin Kuo , Chhavi Yadav , Virginia Smith

Instruction fine-tuning has emerged as a critical technique for customizing Large Language Models (LLMs) to specific applications. However, recent studies have highlighted significant security vulnerabilities in fine-tuned LLMs. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yanrui Du , Sendong Zhao , Jiawei Cao , Ming Ma , Danyang Zhao , Shuren Qi , Fenglei Fan , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Large language models (LLMs) can leak sensitive training data through memorization and membership inference attacks. Prior work has primarily focused on strong adversarial assumptions, including attacker access to entire samples or long,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Lucas Rosenblatt , Bin Han , Robert Wolfe , Bill Howe

The increasing use of large language models (LLMs) trained by third parties raises significant security concerns. In particular, malicious actors can introduce backdoors through poisoning attacks to generate undesirable outputs. While such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Shuli Jiang , Swanand Ravindra Kadhe , Yi Zhou , Farhan Ahmed , Ling Cai , Nathalie Baracaldo

Safety fine-tuning helps align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences for their safe deployment. To better understand the underlying factors that make models safe via safety fine-tuning, we design a synthetic data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Samyak Jain , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Kemal Oksuz , Tom Joy , Philip H. S. Torr , Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K. Dokania

This study investigates embedding reconstruction attacks in large language models (LLMs) applied to genomic sequences, with a specific focus on how fine-tuning affects vulnerability to these attacks. Building upon Pan et al.'s seminal work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Reem Al-Saidi , Erman Ayday , Ziad Kobti

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Federated learning (FL) is a popular paradigm for collaborative training which avoids direct data exposure between clients. However, data privacy issues still remain: FL-trained large language models are capable of memorizing and completing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Thierry Bossy , Julien Vignoud , Tahseen Rabbani , Juan R. Troncoso Pastoriza , Martin Jaggi

Pre-trained general-purpose language models have been a dominating component in enabling real-world natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, a pre-trained model with backdoor can be a severe threat to the applications. Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Lujia Shen , Shouling Ji , Xuhong Zhang , Jinfeng Li , Jing Chen , Jie Shi , Chengfang Fang , Jianwei Yin , Ting Wang

A recent study by Feldman (2020) proposed a long-tail theory to explain the memorization behavior of deep learning models. However, memorization has not been empirically verified in the context of NLP, a gap addressed by this work. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Xiaosen Zheng , Jing Jiang

A deep learning model usually has to sacrifice some utilities when it acquires some other abilities or characteristics. Privacy preservation has such trade-off relationships with utilities. The loss disparity between various defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xingli Fang , Jung-Eun Kim

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, growing concerns have emerged over the misuse of sensitive, copyrighted, or harmful data during training. To address these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jie Ren , Zhenwei Dai , Xianfeng Tang , Yue Xing , Shenglai Zeng , Hui Liu , Jingying Zeng , Qiankun Peng , Samarth Varshney , Suhang Wang , Qi He , Charu C. Aggarwal , Hui Liu

Recent large-scale natural language processing (NLP) systems use a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) on massive and diverse corpora as a headstart. In practice, the pre-trained model is adapted to a wide array of tasks via fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Jimit Majmudar , Christophe Dupuy , Charith Peris , Sami Smaili , Rahul Gupta , Richard Zemel

Transfer learning with large pretrained transformer-based language models like BERT has become a dominating approach for most NLP tasks. Simply fine-tuning those large language models on downstream tasks or combining it with task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Wenjuan Han , Bo Pang , Yingnian Wu

Answering multi-hop reasoning questions requires retrieving and synthesizing information from diverse sources. Language models (LMs) struggle to perform such reasoning consistently. We propose an approach to pinpoint and rectify multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Mansi Sakarvadia

Recent research shows that large language models are susceptible to privacy attacks that infer aspects of the training data. However, it is unclear if simpler generative models, like topic models, share similar vulnerabilities. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nico Manzonelli , Wanrong Zhang , Salil Vadhan

As the number of large language models (LLMs) released to the public grows, there is a pressing need to understand the safety implications associated with these models learning from third-party custom finetuning data. We explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Jiachen Zhao , Zhun Deng , David Madras , James Zou , Mengye Ren
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