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We present a novel implementation of cosmic rays (CR) in the magneto-hydrodynamic code FLASH. CRs are described as separate fluids with different energies. CR advection, energy dependent anisotropic diffusion with respect to the magnetic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-06-20 Philipp Girichidis , Thorsten Naab , Stefanie Walch , Michal Hanasz

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) plays a critical role in galaxy evolution, influencing gas flows, feedback processes, and galactic dynamics. Observations show a substantial cold gas reservoir in the CGM, but the mechanisms driving its…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-11 Matthias Weber , Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer , Ruediger Pakmor

Cosmic rays (CRs) are dynamically important for the formation and evolution of galaxies by regulating star formation and by powering galactic outflows. However, to what extent CRs regulate galaxy formation depends on the coupling strength…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-12-27 Philipp Girichidis , Maria Werhahn , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor , Volker Springel

The origin of cosmic rays (CRs) and how they propagate remain unclear. Studying the propagation of CRs in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence can help to comprehend many open issues related to CR origin and the role of turbulent magnetic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-01-10 Na-Na Gao , Jian-Fu Zhang

Current-day cosmic ray (CR) propagation studies use static Milky-Way models and fit parametrized source distributions to data. Instead, we use three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of isolated galaxies with the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-25 Maria Werhahn , Christoph Pfrommer , Philipp Girichidis , Ewald Puchwein , Rüdiger Pakmor

Feedback processes in galaxies dictate their structure and evolution. Baryons can be cycled through stars, which inject energy into the interstellar medium (ISM) in supernova explosions, fueling multiphase galactic winds. Cosmic rays (CRs)…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-16 Brandon Sike , Timon Thomas , Mateusz Ruszkowski , Christoph Pfrommer , Matthias Weber

We present a detailed comparison between the well-known SPH code GADGET and the new moving-mesh code AREPO on a number of hydrodynamical test problems. Through a variety of numerical experiments we establish a clear link between test…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 Debora Sijacki , Mark Vogelsberger , Dusan Keres , Volker Springel , Lars Hernquist

Using a new, second-order accurate numerical method we present dynamical simulations of oblique MHD cosmic ray (CR) modified plane shock evolution using the two-fluid model for diffusive particle acceleration. The numerical shocks evolve to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-22 Adam Frank , T. W. Jones , Dongsu Ryu

We consider cosmic ray (CR) modified shocks with both streaming and diffusion in the two-fluid description. Previously, numerical codes were unable to incorporate streaming in this demanding regime, and have never been compared against…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-08-25 Tsun Hin Navin Tsung , S. Peng Oh , Yan-Fei Jiang

We present a numerical scheme, implemented in the cosmological adaptive mesh refinement code ENZO, to model the injection of Cosmic Ray (CR) particles at shocks, their advection and their dynamical feedback on thermal baryonic gas. We give…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 F. Vazza , M. Bruggen , C. Gheller , G. Brunetti

Feedback processes by active galactic nuclei in the centres of galaxy clusters appear to prevent large-scale cooling flows and impede star formation. However, the detailed heating mechanism remains uncertain. One promising heating scenario…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-30 Kristian Ehlert , Rainer Weinberger , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor , Volker Springel

A numerical scheme that incorporates a thermal leakage injection model into a combined gas dynamics and cosmic ray (CR, hereafter) diffusion-convection code has been developed. The particle injection is followed numerically by filtering the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Hyesung Kang , T. W. Jones , U. D. J. Gieseler

We have calculated the evolution of cosmic ray (CR) modified astrophysical shocks for a wide range of shock Mach numbers and shock speeds through numerical simulations of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in 1D quasi- parallel plane…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 H. Kang , T. W. Jones

Cosmic ray electron (CRE) acceleration and cooling are important physical processes in astrophysics. We develop an approximative framework to treat CRE physics in the parallel smoothed particle hydrodynamics code Gadget-3. In our…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-12-03 Dongchao Zheng , Weitian Li , Zhenghao Zhu , Chenxi Shan , Jiajun Zhang , Linfeng Xiao , Xiaoli Lian , Dan Hu

Cosmic-ray (CR) feedback is widely recognized as a key regulator of galaxy formation. After being accelerated at supernova remnant shocks, CRs propagate through the interstellar medium (ISM), establishing smooth large-scale distributions…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-21 Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor , Rouven Lemmerz , Mohamad Shalaby

Cosmological shock waves during structure formation not only play a decisive role for the thermalization of gas in virializing structures but also for the acceleration of relativistic cosmic rays (CRs) through diffusive shock acceleration.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Christoph Pfrommer , Volker Springel , Torsten A. Ensslin , Martin Jubelgas

Recent years have seen many arguments for cosmic rays (CRs) as an important influence on galactic and circumgalactic (CGM) physics, star and galaxy formation. We present a pedagogical overview of state-of-the-art modeling of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-11 Philip F. Hopkins

We study the formation of galactic outflows from supernova explosions (SNe) with the moving-mesh code AREPO in a stratified column of gas with a surface density similar to the Milky Way disk at the solar circle. We compare different…

Nonthermal particles can be produced due to incomplete thermalization at collisionless shocks and further accelerated to very high energies via diffusive shock acceleration. In a previous study we explored the cosmic ray (CR) acceleration…

Astrophysics · Physics 2017-01-18 Hyesung Kang

Feedback mediated by cosmic rays (CRs) is an important process in galaxy formation. Because CRs are long-lived and because they are transported along magnetic field lines independently of any gas flow, they can efficiently distribute their…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-03-24 Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer , Rüdiger Pakmor