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Related papers: Towards Tracing Factual Knowledge in Language Mode…

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This survey addresses the crucial issue of factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs find applications across diverse domains, the reliability and accuracy of their outputs become vital. We define the Factuality Issue as the…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on a variety of NLP tasks, and are being rapidly adopted in a wide range of use cases. It is therefore of vital importance to holistically evaluate the factuality of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Jiaqing Yuan , Lin Pan , Chung-Wei Hang , Jiang Guo , Jiarong Jiang , Bonan Min , Patrick Ng , Zhiguo Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of recalling multilingual factual knowledge present in their pretraining data. However, most studies evaluate only the final model, leaving the development of factual recall and crosslingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yihong Liu , Mingyang Wang , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Felicia Körner , Ercong Nie , Barbara Plank , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable in the factuality of their answers. To address this problem, NLP researchers have proposed a range of techniques to estimate LLM's confidence over facts. However, due to the lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Matéo Mahaut , Laura Aina , Paula Czarnowska , Momchil Hardalov , Thomas Müller , Lluís Màrquez

Acquiring factual knowledge with Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) has attracted increasing attention, showing promising performance in many knowledge-intensive tasks. Their good performance has led the community to believe that the models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zhangdie Yuan , Songbo Hu , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen , Zaiqiao Meng

Recent work has suggested that language models (LMs) store both common-sense and factual knowledge learned from pre-training data. In this paper, we leverage this implicit knowledge to create an effective end-to-end fact checker using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Nayeon Lee , Belinda Z. Li , Sinong Wang , Wen-tau Yih , Hao Ma , Madian Khabsa

Large language models (LLMs) generate fluent text across a wide range of tasks, but the fabrication of non-existent academic citations remains a critical and well-documented failure mode. Building on prior work that frames hallucination and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Junichiro Niimi

Recently, there has been a trend to investigate the factual knowledge captured by Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs). Many works show the PLMs' ability to fill in the missing factual words in cloze-style prompts such as "Dante was born in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Shaobo Li , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Zhenhua Dong , Chengjie Sun , Bingquan Liu , Zhenzhou Ji , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Pretrained language models (LMs) are susceptible to generate text with nonfactual information. In this work, we measure and improve the factual accuracy of large-scale LMs for open-ended text generation. We design the FactualityPrompts test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Nayeon Lee , Wei Ping , Peng Xu , Mostofa Patwary , Pascale Fung , Mohammad Shoeybi , Bryan Catanzaro

Large language models may encounter factual knowledge during pre-training yet fail to reliably use that knowledge after fine-tuning. Despite growing empirical evidence that MLP layers store factual associations and fine-tuning affects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ruichen Xu , Kexin Chen

Pretrained Language Models (LMs) have been shown to possess significant linguistic, common sense, and factual knowledge. One form of knowledge that has not been studied yet in this context is information about the scalar magnitudes of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Xikun Zhang , Deepak Ramachandran , Ian Tenney , Yanai Elazar , Dan Roth

Despite their impressive performance on diverse tasks, large language models (LMs) still struggle with tasks requiring rich world knowledge, implying the limitations of relying solely on their parameters to encode a wealth of world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Alex Mallen , Akari Asai , Victor Zhong , Rajarshi Das , Daniel Khashabi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

This paper studies the problem of injecting factual knowledge into large pre-trained language models. We train adapter modules on parts of the ConceptNet knowledge graph using the masked language modeling objective and evaluate the success…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Sondre Wold

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs), despite their powerful capabilities, suffer from factual hallucinations where they generate verifiable falsehoods. We identify a root of this issue: the imbalanced data distribution in the pretraining corpus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Langming Liu , Kangtao Lv , Haibin Chen , Weidong Zhang , Yejing Wang , Shilei Liu , Xin Tong , Yujin Yuan , Yongwei Wang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Sample efficiency is a crucial property of language models with practical implications for training efficiency. In real-world text, information follows a long-tailed distribution. Yet, we expect models to learn and recall frequent and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Daniel Christoph , Max Ploner , Patrick Haller , Alan Akbik

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Transformer-based language models (LMs) are known to capture factual knowledge in their parameters. While previous work looked into where factual associations are stored, only little is known about how they are retrieved internally during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Mor Geva , Jasmijn Bastings , Katja Filippova , Amir Globerson

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate an impressive capacity to recall a vast range of factual knowledge. However, understanding their underlying reasoning and internal mechanisms in exploiting this knowledge remains a key research area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Marco Bronzini , Carlo Nicolini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano , Andrea Passerini