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Related papers: Unsupervised Tokenization Learning

200 papers

A variety of contextualised language models have been proposed in the NLP community, which are trained on diverse corpora to produce numerous Neural Language Models (NLMs). However, different NLMs have reported different levels of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Keigo Takahashi , Danushka Bollegala

We present a novel metric for the evaluation of the morphological plausibility of subword segmentation. Unlike the typically used morpheme boundary or retrieval F-score, which requires gold segmentation data that is either unavailable or of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Abishek Stephen , Jindřich Libovický

We present a multi-task learning framework for cross-lingual abstractive summarization to augment training data. Recent studies constructed pseudo cross-lingual abstractive summarization data to train their neural encoder-decoders.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Sho Takase , Naoaki Okazaki

Image captioning has so far been explored mostly in English, as most available datasets are in this language. However, the application of image captioning should not be restricted by language. Only few studies have been conducted for image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-16 Weiyu Lan , Xirong Li , Jianfeng Dong

Existing methods to measure sentence similarity are faced with two challenges: (1) labeled datasets are usually limited in size, making them insufficient to train supervised neural models; (2) there is a training-test gap for unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Xiaofei Sun , Yuxian Meng , Xiang Ao , Fei Wu , Tianwei Zhang , Jiwei Li , Chun Fan

Evaluation of a document summarization system has been a critical factor to impact the success of the summarization task. Previous approaches, such as ROUGE, mainly consider the informativeness of the assessed summary and require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Hanlu Wu , Tengfei Ma , Lingfei Wu , Tariro Manyumwa , Shouling Ji

Tokenization is a fundamental preprocessing step in NLP, directly impacting large language models' (LLMs) ability to capture syntactic, morphosyntactic, and semantic structures. This paper introduces a novel framework for systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 M. Ali Bayram , Ali Arda Fincan , Ahmet Semih Gümüş , Sercan Karakaş , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım

Contrastive pretraining techniques for text classification has been largely studied in an unsupervised setting. However, oftentimes labeled data from related tasks which share label semantics with current task is available. We hypothesize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Samujjwal Ghosh , Subhadeep Maji , Maunendra Sankar Desarkar

Unsupervised learning of optical flow, which leverages the supervision from view synthesis, has emerged as a promising alternative to supervised methods. However, the objective of unsupervised learning is likely to be unreliable in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Liang Liu , Jiangning Zhang , Ruifei He , Yong Liu , Yabiao Wang , Ying Tai , Donghao Luo , Chengjie Wang , Jilin Li , Feiyue Huang

Unsupervised pre-training has been proven as an effective approach to boost various downstream tasks given limited labeled data. Among various methods, contrastive learning learns a discriminative representation by constructing positive and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-17 Jizong Peng , Ping Wang , Marco Pedersoli , Christian Desrosiers

Morphology is a crucial factor for multilingual language modeling as it poses direct challenges for tokenization. Here, we seek to understand how tokenization influences the morphological knowledge encoded in multilingual language models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Thao Anh Dang , Limor Raviv , Lukas Galke

Subword tokenization is a common method for vocabulary building in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models. However, increasingly complex tasks have revealed its disadvantages. First, a vocabulary cannot be modified once it is learned,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Langlin Huang , Yang Feng

While tokenization is a key step in language modeling, with effects on model training and performance, it remains unclear how to effectively evaluate tokenizer quality. One proposed dimension of tokenizer quality is the extent to which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Catherine Arnett , Marisa Hudspeth , Brendan O'Connor

Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. By comparison, token-free models that operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Linting Xue , Aditya Barua , Noah Constant , Rami Al-Rfou , Sharan Narang , Mihir Kale , Adam Roberts , Colin Raffel

This work focuses on comparing different solutions for machine translation on low resource language pairs, namely, with zero-shot transfer learning and unsupervised machine translation. We discuss how the data size affects the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Aviral Joshi , Chengzhi Huang , Har Simrat Singh

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical language into formal specifications and proofs remains a difficult task for state-of-the-art (large) language models. Existing works point to competing explanations for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Willy Chan , Michael Souliman , Jakob Nordhagen , Brando Miranda , Elyas Obbad , Kai Fronsdal Sanmi Koyejo

Subword tokenization algorithms used by Large Language Models are significantly more efficient and can independently build the necessary vocabulary of words and subwords without human intervention. However, those subwords do not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Óscar García-Sierra , Ana Fernández-Pampillón Cesteros , Miguel Ortega-Martín

Argument Unit Recognition and Classification aims at identifying argument units from text and classifying them as pro or against. One of the design choices that need to be made when developing systems for this task is what the unit of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Jonathan Kamp , Lisa Beinborn , Antske Fokkens

Successful methods for unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) employ crosslingual pretraining via self-supervision, often in the form of a masked language modeling or a sequence generation task, which requires the model to align the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Alexandra Chronopoulou , Dario Stojanovski , Alexander Fraser

Despite it being the cornerstone of BPE, the most common tokenization algorithm, the importance of compression in the tokenization process is still unclear. In this paper, we argue for the theoretical importance of compression, that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Omer Goldman , Avi Caciularu , Matan Eyal , Kris Cao , Idan Szpektor , Reut Tsarfaty