English
Related papers

Related papers: Unsupervised Tokenization Learning

200 papers

Recent language models have shown impressive multilingual performance, even when not explicitly trained for it. Despite this, there are concerns about the quality of their outputs across different languages. In this paper, we show how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Aleksandar Petrov , Emanuele La Malfa , Philip H. S. Torr , Adel Bibi

Neural networks have become the state-of-the-art approach for machine translation (MT) in many languages. While linguistically-motivated tokenization techniques were shown to have significant effects on the performance of statistical MT, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Mai Oudah , Amjad Almahairi , Nizar Habash

Recent studies show that in supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of large language models (LLMs), data quality matters more than quantity. While most data cleaning methods concentrate on filtering entire samples, the quality of individual tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Jinlong Pang , Na Di , Zhaowei Zhu , Jiaheng Wei , Hao Cheng , Chen Qian , Yang Liu

Subword modeling for zero-resource languages aims to learn low-level representations of speech audio without using transcriptions or other resources from the target language (such as text corpora or pronunciation dictionaries). A good…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-20 Enno Hermann , Herman Kamper , Sharon Goldwater

We consider learning a sequence classifier without labeled data by using sequential output statistics. The problem is highly valuable since obtaining labels in training data is often costly, while the sequential output statistics (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Yu Liu , Jianshu Chen , Li Deng

Language-independent tokenisation (LIT) methods that do not require labelled language resources or lexicons have recently gained popularity because of their applicability in resource-poor languages. Moreover, they compactly represent a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Danushka Bollegala , Ryuichi Kiryo , Kosuke Tsujino , Haruki Yukawa

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daiki Chijiwa , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Tomoya Ohba , Tamao Sakao , Susumu Takeuchi

Sign Language Translation has attained considerable success recently, raising hopes for improved communication with the Deaf. A pre-processing step called tokenization improves the success of translations. Tokens can be learned from sign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Alptekin Orbay , Lale Akarun

With little to no parallel data available for programming languages, unsupervised methods are well-suited to source code translation. However, the majority of unsupervised machine translation approaches rely on back-translation, a method…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Baptiste Roziere , Jie M. Zhang , Francois Charton , Mark Harman , Gabriel Synnaeve , Guillaume Lample

Efficiency and safety of Large Language Models (LLMs), among other factors, rely on the quality of tokenization. A good tokenizer not only improves inference speed and language understanding but also provides extra defense against jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pavel Chizhov , Egor Bogomolov , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world applications, yet little is known about their training dynamics at the token level. Evaluation typically relies on aggregated training loss, measured at the batch level, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Andrea Pinto , Tomer Galanti , Randall Balestriero

We present an ensemble-driven self-training framework for unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT). Starting from a primary language pair, we train multiple UNMT models that share the same translation task but differ in an auxiliary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ido Aharon , Jonathan Shaki , Sarit Kraus

This study explores computational approaches for measuring moral foundations (MFs) in non-English corpora. Since most resources are developed primarily for English, cross-linguistic applications of moral foundation theory remain limited.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Calvin Yixiang Cheng , Scott A Hale

The recent rapid progress in pre-training Large Language Models has relied on using self-supervised language modeling objectives like next token prediction or span corruption. On the other hand, Machine Translation Systems are mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Andrea Schioppa , Xavier Garcia , Orhan Firat

While machine translation has traditionally relied on large amounts of parallel corpora, a recent research line has managed to train both Neural Machine Translation (NMT) and Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems using monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mikel Artetxe , Gorka Labaka , Eneko Agirre

Current evaluation metrics for language modeling and generation rely heavily on the accuracy of predicted (or generated) words as compared to a reference ground truth. While important, token-level accuracy only captures one aspect of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Shiran Dudy , Steven Bedrick

Purely character-based language models (LMs) have been lagging in quality on large scale datasets, and current state-of-the-art LMs rely on word tokenization. It has been assumed that injecting the prior knowledge of a tokenizer into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Dokook Choe , Rami Al-Rfou , Mandy Guo , Heeyoung Lee , Noah Constant

Subword tokenization is the de facto standard for tokenization in neural language models and machine translation systems. Three advantages are frequently cited in favor of subwords: shorter encoding of frequent tokens, compositionality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Benoist Wolleb , Romain Silvestri , Giorgos Vernikos , Ljiljana Dolamic , Andrei Popescu-Belis

Tokenization, a crucial initial step in natural language processing, is governed by several key parameters, such as the tokenization algorithm, vocabulary size, pre-tokenization strategy, inference strategy, and training data corpus. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Varshini Reddy , Craig W. Schmidt , Yuval Pinter , Chris Tanner

Unsupervised and supervised learning methods conventionally use kernels to capture nonlinearities inherent in data structure. However experts have to ensure their proposed nonlinearity maximizes variability and capture inherent diversity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Mojtaba Moattari