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Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have emerged as leading surrogates for solver operators for various functional problems, yet their stability, generalization and frequency behavior lack a principled explanation. We present a systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Taeyoung Kim

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have proven to be an efficient and effective method for resolution-independent operator learning in a broad variety of application areas across scientific machine learning. A key reason for their success is…

Neural operators learn mappings between function spaces, which is practical for learning solution operators of PDEs and other scientific modeling applications. Among them, the Fourier neural operator (FNO) is a popular architecture that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Miguel Liu-Schiaffini , Julius Berner , Boris Bonev , Thorsten Kurth , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Anima Anandkumar

Operator learning is a variant of machine learning that is designed to approximate maps between function spaces from data. The Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is one of the main model architectures used for operator learning. The FNO combines…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart , Margaret Trautner

We use Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) to study the relation between the modulus and phase of amplitudes in $2\to 2$ elastic scattering at fixed energies. Unlike previous approaches, we do not employ the integral relation imposed by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-09-04 V. Niarchos , C. Papageorgakis

Neural operators, such as Fourier Neural Operators (FNO), form a principled approach for learning solution operators for PDEs and other mappings between function spaces. However, many real-world problems require high-resolution training…

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have demonstrated exceptional accuracy in mapping functional spaces by leveraging Fourier transforms to establish a connection with underlying physical principles. However, their opaque inner workings often…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-11-04 Marco Cayuela , Vincent Le Chenadec , Peter Schmid , Taraneh Sayadi

The Deep Operator Network (DeepONet) is a powerful neural operator architecture that uses two neural networks to map between infinite-dimensional function spaces. This architecture allows for the evaluation of the solution field at any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Bahador Bahmani , Somdatta Goswami , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Michael D. Shields

Parametric differential equations of the form du/dt = f(u, x, t, p) are fundamental in science and engineering. While deep learning frameworks such as the Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) can efficiently approximate solutions, they struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Abdolmehdi Behroozi , Chaopeng Shen and , Daniel Kifer

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) have recently been proposed as an effective framework for learning operators that map between infinite-dimensional spaces. We prove that FNOs are universal, in the sense that they can approximate any…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Nikola Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Siddhartha Mishra

Solving Singularly Perturbed Differential Equations (SPDEs) poses computational challenges arising from the rapid transitions in their solutions within thin regions. The effectiveness of deep learning in addressing differential equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Ye Li , Ting Du , Yiwen Pang , Zhongyi Huang

Recently, operator learning, or learning mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces, has garnered significant attention, notably in relation to learning partial differential equations from data. Conceptually clear when outlined…

Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is a powerful and popular operator learning method. However, FNO is mainly used in forward prediction, yet a great many applications rely on solving inverse problems. In this paper, we propose an invertible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Da Long , Zhitong Xu , Qiwei Yuan , Yin Yang , Shandian Zhe

Neural Operators (NOs) are machine learning models designed to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by learning to map between function spaces. Neural Operators such as the Deep Operator Network (DeepONet) and the Fourier Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 W. Diab , M. Al-Kobaisi

Classical neural networks are known for their ability to approximate mappings between finite-dimensional spaces, but they fall short in capturing complex operator dynamics across infinite-dimensional function spaces. Neural operators, in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Bo Zhang

Neural operators extend data-driven models to map between infinite-dimensional functional spaces. These models have successfully solved continuous dynamical systems represented by differential equations, viz weather forecasting, fluid flow,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Karn Tiwari , N M Anoop Krishnan , Prathosh A P

This paper introduces the Kernel Neural Operator (KNO), a provably convergent operator-learning architecture that utilizes compositions of deep kernel-based integral operators for function-space approximation of operators (maps from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Matthew Lowery , John Turnage , Zachary Morrow , John D. Jakeman , Akil Narayan , Shandian Zhe , Varun Shankar

Neural operators have been validated as promising deep surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite the critical role of boundary conditions in PDEs, however, only a limited number of neural operators robustly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-13 Ziyuan Liu , Yuhang Wu , Daniel Zhengyu Huang , Hong Zhang , Xu Qian , Songhe Song

Reliable digital twins of lithium-ion batteries must achieve high physical fidelity with sub-millisecond speed. In this work, we benchmark three operator-learning surrogates for the Single Particle Model (SPM): Deep Operator Networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Amir Ali Panahi , Daniel Luder , Billy Wu , Gregory Offer , Dirk Uwe Sauer , Weihan Li

This paper proposes a physics-informed neural operator (PINO) framework for solving inverse scattering problems, enabling rapid and accurate reconstructions under diverse measurement conditions. In the proposed approach, the dielectric…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Q. C. Dong , Zi-Xuan Su , Qing Huo Liu , Wen Chen , Zhizhang , Chen