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Decision trees (DTs) epitomize what have become to be known as interpretable machine learning (ML) models. This is informally motivated by paths in DTs being often much smaller than the total number of features. This paper shows that in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Joao Marques-Silva

Decision trees (DTs) embody interpretable classifiers. DTs have been advocated for deployment in high-risk applications, but also for explaining other complex classifiers. Nevertheless, recent work has demonstrated that predictions in DTs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Nina Narodytska , Martin C. Cooper , Joao Marques-Silva

A task of interest in machine learning (ML) is that of ascribing explanations to the predictions made by ML models. Furthermore, in domains deemed high risk, the rigor of explanations is paramount. Indeed, incorrect explanations can and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mohamed Siala , Jordi Planes , Joao Marques-Silva

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has recently achieved significant advances in various domains. However, explaining the policy of RL agents still remains an open problem due to several factors, one being the complexity of explaining neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Zihan Ding , Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Gavin Weiguang Ding , Changjian Li , Ruitong Huang

The decision tree is one of the most popular and classical machine learning models from the 1980s. However, in many practical applications, decision trees tend to generate decision paths with excessive depth. Long decision paths often cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Jialu Zhang , Yitan Wang , Mark Santolucito , Ruzica Piskac

Decision trees are ubiquitous in machine learning for their ease of use and interpretability. Yet, these models are not typically employed in reinforcement learning as they cannot be updated online via stochastic gradient descent. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Andrew Silva , Taylor Killian , Ivan Dario Jimenez Rodriguez , Sung-Hyun Son , Matthew Gombolay

Interpretability of AI models allows for user safety checks to build trust in these models. In particular, decision trees (DTs) provide a global view on the learned model and clearly outlines the role of the features that are critical to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Hector Kohler , Riad Akrour , Philippe Preux

Interpretability and effectiveness are two essential and indispensable requirements for adopting machine learning methods in reality. In this paper, we propose a knowledge distillation based decision trees extension, dubbed rectified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Yiming Li , Jiawang Bai , Jiawei Li , Xue Yang , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Decision lists (DLs) find a wide range of uses for classification problems in Machine Learning (ML), being implemented in a number of ML frameworks. DLs are often perceived as interpretable. However, building on recent results for decision…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Alexey Ignatiev , Joao Marques-Silva

Interpretability of AI models allows for user safety checks to build trust in such AIs. In particular, Decision Trees (DTs) provide a global look at the learned model and transparently reveal which features of the input are critical for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Hector Kohler , Riad Akrour , Philippe Preux

On the one hand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are commonly labelled as black-boxes, lacking interpretability; an issue that hinders human understanding of ANNs' behaviors. A need exists to generate a meaningful sequential logic of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Duy T. Nguyen , Kathryn E. Kasmarik , Hussein A. Abbass

Recently, decision trees (DT) have been used as an explainable representation of controllers (a.k.a. strategies, policies, schedulers). Although they are often very efficient and produce small and understandable controllers for discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Florian Jüngermann , Jan Křetínský , Maximilian Weininger

This work introduces a novel interpretable machine learning method called Mixture of Decision Trees (MoDT). It constitutes a special case of the Mixture of Experts ensemble architecture, which utilizes a linear model as gating function and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Simeon Brüggenjürgen , Nina Schaaf , Pascal Kerschke , Marco F. Huber

Neural networks (NNs) and decision trees (DTs) are both popular models of machine learning, yet coming with mutually exclusive advantages and limitations. To bring the best of the two worlds, a variety of approaches are proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Haoling Li , Jie Song , Mengqi Xue , Haofei Zhang , Jingwen Ye , Lechao Cheng , Mingli Song

There has been a large number of studies in interpretable and explainable ML for cybersecurity, in particular, for intrusion detection. Many of these studies have significant amount of overlapping and repeated evaluations and analysis. At…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Omer Subasi , Johnathan Cree , Joseph Manzano , Elena Peterson

Although neural networks are a powerful tool, their widespread use is hindered by the opacity of their decisions and their black-box nature, which result in a lack of trustworthiness. To alleviate this problem, methods in the field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Helena Monke , Benjamin Fresz , Marco Bernreuther , Yilin Chen , Marco F. Huber

Interpretability has become incredibly important as machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decisions. We propose to construct global explanations of complex, blackbox models in the form of a decision tree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Osbert Bastani , Carolyn Kim , Hamsa Bastani

Recent efforts in Machine Learning (ML) interpretability have focused on creating methods for explaining black-box ML models. However, these methods rely on the assumption that simple approximations, such as linear models or decision-trees,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Owen Lahav , Nicholas Mastronarde , Mihaela van der Schaar

Reinforcement learning techniques leveraging deep learning have made tremendous progress in recent years. However, the complexity of neural networks prevents practitioners from understanding their behavior. Decision trees have gained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Daniël Vos , Sicco Verwer

As a multitude of capable machine learning (ML) models become widely available in forms such as open-source software and public APIs, central questions remain regarding their use in real-world applications, especially in high-stakes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Dimitris Bertsimas , Matthew Peroni
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