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This article reviews recent progress in the development of the computing framework vector symbolic architectures (VSA) (also known as hyperdimensional computing). This framework is well suited for implementation in stochastic, emerging…

Following the initial publication of hdlib, a Python library for designing Vector-Symbolic Architectures (VSA), we introduce a major extension that significantly enhances its machine learning capabilities. VSA, also known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Fabio Cumbo , Kabir Dhillon , Daniel Blankenberg

This is Part II of the two-part comprehensive survey devoted to a computing framework most commonly known under the names Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures (HDC/VSA). Both names refer to a family of computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Denis Kleyko , Dmitri A. Rachkovskij , Evgeny Osipov , Abbas Rahimi

This two-part comprehensive survey is devoted to a computing framework most commonly known under the names Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures (HDC/VSA). Both names refer to a family of computational models that use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Denis Kleyko , Dmitri A. Rachkovskij , Evgeny Osipov , Abbas Rahimi

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) have been widely deployed in various cognitive applications due to their simple and efficient operations. The widespread adoption of VSAs has, in turn, spurred the development of numerous hardware…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shuting Du , Mohamed Ibrahim , Zishen Wan , Luqi Zheng , Boheng Zhao , Zhenkun Fan , Che-Kai Liu , Tushar Krishna , Arijit Raychowdhury , Haitong Li

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are a powerful framework for representing compositional reasoning. They lend themselves to neural-network implementations, allowing us to create neural networks that can perform cognitive functions, like…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Jeff Orchard , Russell Jarvis

Processing of medical images such as MRI or CT presents unique challenges compared to RGB images typically used in computer vision. These include a lack of labels for large datasets, high computational costs, and metadata to describe the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-06 Fernando Pérez-García , Rachel Sparks , Sébastien Ourselin

HyperDimensional Computing (HDC) as a machine learning paradigm is highly interesting for applications involving continuous, semi-supervised learning for long-term monitoring. However, its accuracy is not yet on par with other Machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 William Andrew Simon , Una Pale , Tomas Teijeiro , David Atienza

This paper introduces torchsom, an open-source Python library that provides a reference implementation of the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) in PyTorch. This package offers three main features: (i) dimensionality reduction, (ii) clustering, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-14 Louis Berthier , Ahmed Shokry , Maxime Moreaud , Guillaume Ramelet , Eric Moulines

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is a biologically-inspired framework which represents symbols with high-dimensional vectors, and uses vector operations to manipulate them. The ensemble of a particular vector space and a prescribed set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Kenneth L. Clarkson , Shashanka Ubaru , Elizabeth Yang

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC), also known as vector symbolic architectures (VSA), is a computing framework used within artificial intelligence and cognitive computing that operates with distributed vector representations of large fixed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Dmitri A. Rachkovskij , Denis Kleyko

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is an emerging learning paradigm that computes with high dimensional binary vectors. It is attractive because of its energy efficiency and low latency, especially on emerging hardware -- but HDC suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Tao Yu , Yichi Zhang , Zhiru Zhang , Christopher De Sa

The literature on structured prediction for NLP describes a rich collection of distributions and algorithms over sequences, segmentations, alignments, and trees; however, these algorithms are difficult to utilize in deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Alexander M. Rush

Vector space models for symbolic processing that encode symbols by random vectors have been proposed in cognitive science and connectionist communities under the names Vector Symbolic Architecture (VSA), and, synonymously, Hyperdimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 E. Paxon Frady , Denis Kleyko , Christopher J. Kymn , Bruno A. Olshausen , Friedrich T. Sommer

TorchOptics is an open-source Python library for differentiable Fourier optics simulations, developed using PyTorch to enable GPU-accelerated tensor computations and automatic differentiation. It provides a comprehensive framework for…

Optics · Physics 2024-11-28 Matthew J. Filipovich , A. I. Lvovsky

The constant introduction of standardized benchmarks in the literature has helped accelerating the recent advances in meta-learning research. They offer a way to get a fair comparison between different algorithms, and the wide range of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Tristan Deleu , Tobias Würfl , Mandana Samiei , Joseph Paul Cohen , Yoshua Bengio

Using Frequency-domain Holographic Reduced Representations (FHRRs), we extend a Vector-Symbolic Architecture (VSA) encoding of Lisp 1.5 with primitives for arithmetic operations using Residue Hyperdimensional Computing (RHC). Encoding a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Connor Hanley , Eilene Tomkins-Flanaganm , Mary Alexandria Kelly

This work presents TorchRadon -- an open source CUDA library which contains a set of differentiable routines for solving computed tomography (CT) reconstruction problems. The library is designed to help researchers working on CT problems to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-01 Matteo Ronchetti

Hyperdimensional Computing (HDC), also known as Vector-Symbolic Architectures (VSA), is a promising framework for the development of cognitive architectures and artificial intelligence systems, as well as for technical applications and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Dmitri A. Rachkovskij

Vector Symbolic Architectures combine a high-dimensional vector space with a set of carefully designed operators in order to perform symbolic computations with large numerical vectors. Major goals are the exploitation of their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Kenny Schlegel , Peer Neubert , Peter Protzel
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