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Related papers: When null energy condition meets ADM mass

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The classical Penrose inequality, a relation between the ADM mass and the area of any cross section of the black hole event horizon, was introduced as a test of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture: if it fails, the trapped surface is not…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-27 Eduardo Hafemann , Eleni-Alexandra Kontou

Of the various energy conditions which can be assumed when studying mathematical general relativity, intuitively the simplest is the weak energy condition $\mu\geq 0$ which simply states that the observed mass-energy density must be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-14 Jaroslaw S. Jaracz

We establish a Penrose-like inequality for general (not necessarily time-symmetric) initial data sets of the Einstein-Maxwell equations, which satisfy the dominant energy condition. More precisely, it is shown that the ADM energy is bounded…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-16 Marcus A. Khuri

We establish a Penrose-Like Inequality for general (not necessarily time symmetric) initial data sets of the Einstein equations which satisfy the dominant energy condition. More precisely, it is shown that the ADM energy is bounded below by…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2013-10-14 Marcus A. Khuri

A spherically symmetric spacetime is presented with an initial data set that is asymptotically flat, satisfies the dominant energy condition, and such that on this initial data $M<\sqrt{A/16\pi}$, where M is the total (ADM) mass and A is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Ishai Ben-Dov

A lower bound for the ADM mass is established in terms of angular momentum, charge, and horizon area in the context of maximal, axisymmetric initial data for the Einstein-Maxwell equations which satisfy the weak energy condition. If, on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-19 Marcus Khuri , Benjamin Sokolowsky , Gilbert Weinstein

For asymptotically flat initial data of Einstein's equations satisfying an energy condition, we show that the Penrose inequality holds between the ADM mass and the area of an outermost apparent horizon, if the data are restricted suitably.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 Edward Malec , Marc Mars , Walter Simon

The recent holographic deduction of Penrose inequality only assumes null energy condition while the weak or dominant energy condition is required in usual geometric proof. This paper makes a step toward filling up gap between these two…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-02-01 Zi-Qing Xiao , Run-Qiu Yang

In axially symmetric spacetimes the Penrose inequality can be strengthened to include angular momentum. We prove a version of this inequality for minimal surfaces, more precisely, a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of the area of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-26 Pablo Anglada

Penrose's original heuristic for his eponymous spacetime inequality -- a conjectured lower bound on the ADM mass in terms of the area of a horizon cross-section -- relies on the black hole final state conjecture. In this paper we isolate a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-19 Ahmed Ellithy

The positive mass theorem is one of the fundamental results in general relativity. It states that, assuming the dominant energy condition, the total mass of an asymptotically flat spacetime is non-negative. The Penrose inequality provides a…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-10-25 Po-Ning Chen

The classical Penrose inequality specifies a lower bound on the total mass in terms of the area of certain trapped surfaces. This fails at the semiclassical level. We conjecture a Quantum Penrose Inequality: the mass at spatial infinity is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-12-18 Raphael Bousso , Arvin Shahbazi-Moghaddam , Marija Tomasevic

We present a rigorous proof of the Spacetime Penrose Inequality relating the ADM mass to the area of trapped surfaces in asymptotically flat initial data sets satisfying the dominant energy condition. The main theorem establishes that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-01 Da Xu

We formulate and prove the stability statement associated with the spacetime Penrose inequality for $n$-dimensional spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat initial data satisfying the dominant energy condition. We assume that the ADM…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-29 Emily Schaal

We prove the Penrose inequality with angular momentum for asymptotically flat, axisymmetric vacuum initial data sets containing a stable marginally outer trapped surface. This inequality provides a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-05 Da Xu

In general relativity, the Penrose inequality relates the mass and the entropy associated with a gravitational background. If the inequality is violated by an initial Cauchy data, it suggests a creation of a naked singularity, thus…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-28 Igor Itkin , Yaron Oz

We present a proof of the Riemannian Penrose inequality with charge $r\leq m + \sqrt{m^2-q^2}$, where $A=4\pi r^2$ is the area of the outermost apparent horizon with possibly multiple connected components, $m$ is the total ADM mass, and $q$…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-04 Marcus Khuri , Gilbert Weinstein , Sumio Yamada

We summarize results on the Penrose inequality bounding the ADM-mass or the Bondi mass in terms of the area of an outermost apparent horizon for asymptotically flat initial data of Einstein's equations. We first recall the proof, due to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Edward Malec , Marc Mars , Walter Simon

We establish mass lower bounds of Penrose-type in the setting of $3$-dimensional initial data sets for the Einstein equations satisfying the dominant energy condition, which are either asymptotically flat or asymptotically hyperboloidal.…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-04-16 Brian Allen , Edward Bryden , Demetre Kazaras , Marcus Khuri

We prove a version the Penrose inequality for black hole space-times which are perturbations of the Schwarzschild exterior in a slab around a null hypersurface $\underline{\mathcal{N}}_0$. $\underline{\mathcal{N}}_0$ terminates at past null…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-23 Spyros Alexakis
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