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Recent black-box counterfactual generation frameworks fail to take into account the semantic content of the proposed edits, while relying heavily on training to guide the generation process. We propose a novel, plug-and-play black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Nikolaos Spanos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Konstantinos Thomas , Athanasios Voulodimos , Giorgos Stamou

Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) interpret machine learning models by identifying the smallest change to input features needed to change the model's prediction to a desired output. For classification tasks, CFEs determine how close a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Margarita A. Guerrero , Cristian R. Rojas

Visual counterfactual explanation (CF) methods modify image concepts, e.g, shape, to change a prediction to a predefined outcome while closely resembling the original query image. Unlike self-explainable models (SEMs) and heatmap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Anselm Haselhoff , Kevin Trelenberg , Fabian Küppers , Jonas Schneider

In this work, we develop a technique to produce counterfactual visual explanations. Given a 'query' image $I$ for which a vision system predicts class $c$, a counterfactual visual explanation identifies how $I$ could change such that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Yash Goyal , Ziyan Wu , Jan Ernst , Dhruv Batra , Devi Parikh , Stefan Lee

As deep learning models are increasingly used in safety-critical applications, explainability and trustworthiness become major concerns. For simple images, such as low-resolution face portraits, synthesizing visual counterfactual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Paul Jacob , Éloi Zablocki , Hédi Ben-Younes , Mickaël Chen , Patrick Pérez , Matthieu Cord

Counterfactual explanations have substantially increased in popularity in the past few years as a useful human-centric way of understanding individual black-box model predictions. While several properties desired of high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Shubham Sharma , Alan H. Gee , Jette Henderson , Joydeep Ghosh

Plausible counterfactual explanations (p-CFEs) are perturbations that minimally modify inputs to change classifier decisions while remaining plausible under the data distribution. In this study, we demonstrate that classifiers can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shpresim Sadiku , Kartikeya Chitranshi , Hiroshi Kera , Sebastian Pokutta

Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are powerful generative models for learning latent representations. Standard VAEs generate dispersed and unstructured latent spaces by utilizing all dimensions, which limits their interpretability, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Farshad Sangari Abiz , Reshad Hosseini , Babak N. Araabi

Counterfactual explanations have been successfully applied to create human interpretable explanations for various black-box models. They are handy for tasks in the image domain, where the quality of the explanations benefits from recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Trung Duc Ha , Sidney Bender

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) help address the question: How can the factors that influence the prediction of a predictive model be changed to achieve a more favorable outcome from a user's perspective? Thus, they bear the potential to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Xuan Zhao , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

Artificial intelligence is increasingly leveraged across various domains to automate decision-making processes that significantly impact human lives. In medical image analysis, deep learning models have demonstrated remarkable performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Julia Siekiera , Stefan Kramer

The goal of a classification model is to assign the correct labels to data. In most cases, this data is not fully described by the given set of labels. Often a rich set of meaningful concepts exist in the domain that can much more precisely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Yoeri Poels , Vlado Menkovski

Recent advancements in generative AI have introduced novel prospects and practical implementations. Especially diffusion models show their strength in generating diverse and, at the same time, realistic features, positioning them well for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Franz Motzkus , Christian Hellert , Ute Schmid

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a promising method for elucidating the behavior of opaque black-box models. Recently, several works leveraged pixel-space diffusion models for counterfactual generation. To handle noisy,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Karim Farid , Simon Schrodi , Max Argus , Thomas Brox

This paper addresses the challenge of generating Counterfactual Explanations (CEs), involving the identification and modification of the fewest necessary features to alter a classifier's prediction for a given image. Our proposed method,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Guillaume Jeanneret , Loïc Simon , Frédéric Jurie

Video-based AI systems are increasingly adopted in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving and healthcare. However, interpreting their decisions remains challenging due to the inherent spatiotemporal complexity of video data and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Payal Varshney , Adriano Lucieri , Christoph Balada , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

We study the problem of grounding distributional representations of texts on the visual domain, namely visual-semantic embeddings (VSE for short). Begin with an insightful adversarial attack on VSE embeddings, we show the limitation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Haoyue Shi , Jiayuan Mao , Tete Xiao , Yuning Jiang , Jian Sun

Counterfactual explanation is a form of interpretable machine learning that generates perturbations on a sample to achieve the desired outcome. The generated samples can act as instructions to guide end users on how to observe the desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Guandong Xu

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a powerful means for understanding how decisions made by algorithms can be changed. Researchers have proposed a number of desiderata that CEs should meet to be practically useful, such as requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Marco Virgolin , Saverio Fracaros

There is a growing concern that the recent progress made in AI, especially regarding the predictive competence of deep learning models, will be undermined by a failure to properly explain their operation and outputs. In response to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane